Characteristics health system

The purpose of this chapter is to present the main economic characteristics of reference pricing (RP) as a system for the public funding of pharmaceuticals financed by the public sector. The following sections deal with the definition and objectives of RP and analyse the features of the various reference pricing systems that are applied internationally. This is followed by a look at the justification for RP from the economic point of view. We then go on to analyse the impact of RP policies, especially with regard to expenditure, consumption and drag prices. In the final section we discuss what can be expected from the application of RP to the Spanish health system. 

In prescription, as in the other areas of clinical management, doctors - key decision-makers in the health system - are to be provided with the necessary incentives, information and infrastructure to take clinical decisions in a cost-effective way. When possible, appropriate personnel selection, valuing not only skills but also attitudes, can compensate for the characteristic weakness of incentives in the health sector. This focus on selection as an organizational... 

In a survey of data from several studies in 126 African-American patients and 574 white patients who were randomly selected and for whom neuroleptic drugs were prescribed, the African-American patients, after adjustments for clinical, sociodemographic, and health-system characteristics, were less likely than the white patients to receive second-generation neuroleptic drugs (49% compared with 66%) (579). 

Coast Guard CHRIS system. Includes chemical designations, observable characteristics, health hazards, responses to discharges. 

The presence of natural solids can significantly modify the rates of transformation in aqueous systems—relative to the rates observed in homogeneous solution—for many pesticide compounds, but may have little effect on others (Barbash and Resek, 1996). Factors that can influence the rates and mechanisms of transformation of pesticide compounds at the water/solid interface include the structure of the compound of interest (e.g.. Torrents and Stone, 1991 Baldwin et al., 2001), the composition and surface structure of the mineral phase (e.g., Kriegman-King and Reinhard, 1992 Wei et al., 2001 Carlson et al., 2002), the solid-phase organic-carbon content (e.g., Wolfe and Macalady, 1992), and the characteristics, health, and size of the resident microbial community. 

Figure 9.1 provides a conceptual framework for risk identification. There are various sources of risk of medical products that can result in injury or death, including known side effects, medication and device errors, product defects, and other remaining uncertainties. These risks are influenced by many factors, including patient characteristics (such as demographics, comorbidities, concomitant medications, and health service utilization), health system factors (such as utilization practice and provider behavior). 

Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Counts, Rates and Characteristics, 1993, US BLS Annual Survey of Oecupational Injuries and Illnesses in the Semiconduetor Industry, 1993, Occupational Health System of the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA)... 

Bioimpedance is a non-invasive, safe and relatively inexpensive technique to assess body composition of both healthy and illness patients. The body impedance analyzer developed in this work was conducted according to the requirements of healthcare applications, such as portability and low cost. These characteristics are considered very important for large-scale use, benefiting the National Health System (NHS) and homecare users. It can be concluded that the developed system can be used for body composition assessment over a wide aging range. 

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