Chalcid

Graves, B. M. and M. Halpern, M. (1989) Chemical access to the vomeronasal organs of the lizard, Chalcides ocellatus. J. Exper. Zool. 249,150-157. 

The VNO plays an important role in feeding behavior in garter snakes (Halpern and Frumin, 1979). Lizards also appear to use their VNO for food detection. Examples are the scincid lizard Chalcides ocellatus Gnves and Halpern, 1990) and the desert iguana D. dorsalis (Cooper and Alberts, 1991). The latter... 

They studied the effects of chalcid parasitoids that attack a seed weevil ( Ceutorhynchus sp.) on the fitness of a woody crucifer, Hormathophylla spinosa. With exclusion experiments in the field, they were able to show that, in the presence of the parasitoids, plants that were attacked by the weevil produced more seeds per fruit than weevil-infested plants without parasitoids. The parasitoids reduced weevil-inflicted seed damage to such an extent that the plants produced almost three times as much seed (Gomez and Zamora, 1994). 

The compounds of elements of the first three columns of the periodic system are not reduced by hydrogen, and those in the subsequent columns only partly so. At high temperatures TiCl4 is easily reduced to TiCl3, but the reaction proceeds no farther because the charge of the titanum ion is reduced. Further complications can occur in the reaction of a metal with a compound if the two metals can, themselves, combine to give a compound. In such instances the reaction will proceed in quite a different way from that expected from the stability rules. Because of the different heats of formation of halides and chalcides it can happen that a given element, for example Na, can reduce a chloride but not an oxide. 

Solid acid catalysts such as mixed oxides (chalcides) have been used extensively for many years in the petroleum industry and organic synthesis. Their main advantage compared with liquid acid catalysts is the ease of separation from the reaction mixture, which allows continuous operation, as well as regeneration and reutilization of the catalyst. Furthermore, the heterogeneous solid catalysts can lead to high selectivity or specific activity. Due to the heterogeneity of solid superacids, accurate acidity measurements are difficult to carry out and to interpret. Up until now, the most useful way to estimate the acidity of a solid catalyst is to test its catalytic activity in well-known acid-catalyzed reactions. 

PREVENTIVE. Take care not to harm the chalcid wasps, as they achieve a very high degree of parasitization. 

ENEMIES. The most important beneficial insects are braconid and chalcid wasps. 

ENEMIES. As with other fruit tortrix moths, chalcid and hraconid wasps are potential enemies. They are not very important, however. 

ENEMIES. The most important enemies of the tortrix moths are ichneumon, chalcid and braconid wasps. In many orchards the degree of para-... 

CONTROL. The tortrix moths that feed on fruit have become less of a problem in integrated and especially in organic fruit production. Very high rates of parasitism by chalcid and braconid wasps can be achieved hy conservation of beneficial insects. 

ENEMIES. The most important enemies of the leaf-mining moths are bra-conid and chalcid wasps. These are able to keep all the leaf-mining moth species except Leucoptera scitella below the commercial damage threshold. 

PREVENTIVE. Conservation of beneficial insects (chalcid and braconid wasps). 

Enemies which are frequently mentioned are fungi, chalcid wasps and nematodes, which attack and parasitize the beetles in their winter hiding-places. 

ENEMIES. Chalcid wasps are the most important enemies. 

Plato s most famous pupil was Aristotle. Aristotle came from Stageirus, on the Chalcidic peninsula of northern Greece, where his father, Nicomachus, was a physician. Aristotle would probably have followed his father into medicine, since medical education and practice were passed down from father to son, but Nicomachus died when Aristotle was about 10 years old. He was raised by a relative, and, in 367 b.c.e., at the age of 17, Aristotle became a student at the Academy. He stayed for 20 years, first as a student and later as a teacher. When Plato died, Aristotle may have expected to become the head of the Academy in Athens, but the position went to Speusippus, who was Plato s nephew. Little is known about Speusippus he seems to have followed some of Plato s ideas but rejected Plato s theory of forms. Aristotle left the Academy, partly because of his situation at the Academy and partly because of political turmoil in Athens. He traveled to Macedonia, where he tutored Alexander, son of King Philip. When Alexander became king, he supported Aristotle s creation of the Lyceum, a rival school in Athens. 

Chalcid wasp, Hemadas nubilpennis, 332 Common wasp, Vespula vulgaris, 797 German wasp, Vespula germanica, 797 Weevil... 

Corbett, J. D. (1981a). Correlation of Metal-Metal Bonding in Halides and Chalcides of the Early Transition Elements with That in the Metals, J. Solid State Chem. 37, 335-351. 

Compounds such as -2-hexen-l-ol, 1-hexanol, Z-3-hexen-l-ol, and -2-hexenol and linalool (a monoterpene) are involved in the olfactory orientation of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decimlineata, to the foliage of the potato. Solarium tuberosum (Solanaceae). However, none of the individual components alone was attractive the beetle was attracted only to a mixture similar to that of the host plant (Visser and Ave, 1978 Visser et al., 1979). A similar complement of compounds seems to be involved in attraction of the alfalfa seed chalcid (Bruchophagus roddi) to alfalfa (Medicago sativa, Fabaceae) (Buttery and Kamm, 1980). 

Bhattacharya, R.N. Isomerisation of Methylnaphthalenes over Acidic Chalcide Catalysts J. Indian Chem. Soc., 58, 682 (1981)... 

H.F. Franzen, Structure and bonding in metal-rich pnictides, chalcides and halides. Prog. Solid St. Chem., 12, 1, 1978. 

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