Certain digits

Do the two grapefruits have the same mass The answer depends on which set of results you consider. Thus a conclusion based on a series of measurements depends on the certainty of those measurements. For this reason, it is important to indicate the uncertainty in any measurement. This is done by always recording the certain digits and the first uncertain digit (the estimated number). These numbers are called the significant figures of a measurement. 

Significant figures the certain digits and the first uncertain digit of a measurement. (A1.5)... 

An estimation digit is added to certain digits of each measurement in order to report the measurement with maximum precision.]... 

The significant figures in a number are ali of the certain digits plus the first uncertain digit. 

Certain standard practices and conventions make the taking and reporting of measurements more consistent. One of the conventions that scientists use for reporting measurements is to report all of the certain digits and one estimated (and thus uncertain) digit. 

In general, though, unless you are told to do otherwise, the conventional practice in using instruments such as a graduated cylinder is to report all of your certain digits and one estimated digit. For example, if you were asked to measure the volumes shown in Figures 1.13 and 1.14, you would report 8.74 mL and 8.00 mL unless you were told to report your answer to the tenth place. 

Side chain (of amino acid) the hydrocarbon group on an amino acid represented by H, CH3, or a more complex substituent. (22.6) Sigma (cr) bond a covalent bond in which the electron pair is shared in an area centered on a line running between the atoms. (9.1) Significant figures the certain digits and the first uncertain digit of a measurement. (1.4)... 

Apart from the storage of full spectra at certain digitalization levels, several algorithms are known to represent the original data in a compact, and for further processing, efficient way. As an extreme case, the measured data or chemical structures are encoded as binary vectors of constant lengths. 

T FIGURE 1.24 shows a thermometer with its liquid column between two scale marks. We can read the certain digits from the scale and estimate the uncertain one. Seeing that the liquid is between the 25 °C and 30 °C marks, we estimate the temperature to be 27 °C, being uncertain of the second digit of our measurement. 

Notice that the first two digits of the measurements did not change (they are certain). The last digit in these measurements is uncertain. The custom in science is to record all of the certain digits and the first uncertain digit. 

Thus, the values of the constants must be larger than the sampling period with respect to the stability of the numerical solution. In the particular case when the number of certain digits in the calorimetric me-surements is equal to the difference between the number ofpoles and the number of zeros of the transmitance (q = N - m), the formula for the optimal sampling period takes the form... 

While not required by the DTV standard, there are certain digital television production standards, shown in Table 16.11, that define video formats which relate to compression formats specified by the standard. 

To indicate the precision of a measured number (or result of calculations on measured numbers), we often use the concept of significant figures. Significant figures are those digits in a measured number (or result of a calculation with measured numbers) that include all certain digits plus a final one having some uncertainty. When you measured the rod, you obtained the values 9.12 cm, 9.11 cm, and 9.13 cm. You... 

S nificant figures those digits in a measured number (or result of a calculation with measured numbers) that include aU certain digits plus a final one having some uncertainty. (1.5)... 

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