Cellular Provoked

Compounds that induce bronchoconstriction include tobacco smoke, formaldehyde, and diethyl ether. Several other compounds, such as acidic fumes (e.g., sulfuric acid) and gases, such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide, as well as isocyanates, can cause bronchoconstriction. Also, cellular damage in the airways induces bronchoconstriction because of the release of vasoactive compounds. Frequently, different mechanisms work at the same time, provoking bronchoconstriction and increased secretion of mucus, both of which interfere with respiration. 

Incomplete nerve lesions provoke changes in the membrane excitability of afferents spared by the injury. These effects are the consequence of an altered cellular and signaling environment at the lesion site and in the DRG. Wallerian degeneration of axotomized nerve fibers involves degeneration and proliferation of Schwann cells, and an invasion of macrophages (discussed in Chs 30 and 36). Nerve injury is accompanied by a release of trophic... 

Erianthridin 17 (200 xM) was highly phytotoxic to duckweed provoking cellular leakage, complete growth inhibition and significant chlorophyll... 

On the opposite side, the small attacks repeated by a very concentrated irritant can accumulate microlesions that could be quite severe in the end. For instance, the more we concentrate a weak acid such as acetic acid, the more aggressive we make it. The icy acetic acid is a strong corrosive because it is moreover totally anhydride. When in contact with cellular biological liquids, it literally pumps all the water and provokes a necrosis of tissues. 

Morphine or heroin dependence is more disabling physically and socially than is opium dependence (treatment of pain in opioid dependent subjects, see p. 343). Chronic exposure to opioids leads to adaptive changes in the endogenous opioid system and no doubt in receptor numbers, sensitivity and cellular response. The abrupt withdrawal of administered opioid usually provokes rebound or a withdrawal syndrome. This consists largely of the opposite of the normal actions of opioids. Also, noradrenergic mechanisms are modulated by endogenous opioids and these mechanisms are depressed by continuous opioid administration. Abrupt withdrawal reboimd can be described as noradrenergic storm. ... 

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