Cell penetrating peptide toxicity

Pooga, M., Elmquist, A., and Langel, U. (2002) Toxicity and side effects of cell-penetrating peptides, in Cell Penetrating Peptides, Processes and Applications (Langel, U., ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington, pp. 245-261. 

Kilk K, Mahlapuu R, Soomets U, Langel U (2009) Analysis of in vitro toxicity of five cell-penetrating peptides by metabolic profiling. Toxicology 265(3) 87-95... 

Nonviral synthetic vectors (cationic liposomes/polymers, dendrimers, cyclodextrin, ceU-penetrating peptides) Vector can cross cell membrane Easy to handle Technically simple Low transfection efficiency and toxicity in certain cases Yes It is possible to perform site directed injections (microinjections)... 

Hydroxyl radicals are probably the most toxic for microorganisms [30], They promote peroxidation of polyunsaturated phospholipid components of the lipid membrane and induce disorder in the cell membrane [31]. The damage of the outer membrane increases the permeability to ROSs. This process is possible thanks to a sufficient lifetime of ROSs generated at the Ti02 surface. ROS diffusion was studied by Fujishima et al. Their experiments demonstrated the bactericidal effect of irradiated Ti02 film on E. coli even at the distance of 50pm from the film [21], Furthermore, oxidative perforation of the cellular membrane allows the photocatalyst nanoparticles to penetrate the interior of the cell, causing severe, efficient oxidation of the cell content [27,32], ROSs are responsible for oxidation of amino acids, peptides [33], enzymes [34], and nucleic acids [32, 35-37]. Destruction of... 

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