Cell membrane, alterations during apoptosis

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Cell death due to apoptosis or necrosis is not the only form of tubular injury in AKI. There is also sub-lethal injury causing cell dysfunction. For example, alterations in proximal tubular cell polarity occur during renal ischemia. Tubule polarity is essential for its primary function of selective reabsorption of ions from the tubular fluid. Sodium-potassium-ATPase (NaK-ATPase), the enzyme, normally localized to the basolateral membrane, maintains tubular polarity by regulation of cellular transport sodium and potassium in proximal tubules. NaK-ATPase is hnked to the cytoskeleton/ membrane complex by a variety of proteins including spectrin. It has been demonstrated that in early reperfusion period spectrin dissociates from the cytosleleton and NaK-ATPase moves from the basolateral membrane into the cytoplasm and apical membrane [54-58]. 

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