Cell doubling ceramic

An alternative, well-studied approach to develop Na metal anode rechargeable cells is to isolate the Na electrode from the cathode via a ceramic Na ion conductor, i.e., a solid electrolyte. Such batteries are operated above the melting point of Na, thereby enhancing electrode kinetics and solid state diffusion of Na ions through the special alumina ceramic. The most commonly employed material is beta double prime alumina, which has channels permitting the facile diffusion of Na ions. 

A simplified multiquadrupole type of instrument was introduced by Siegel [185]. This is a double quadrupole analyzer which analyzes primary ion (or precursors) and fragment ions. In place of the second normal quadrupole (for QIQIQ instruments), a ferrite ceramic collision cell is installed which overlaps with the two quadrupoles. The first and second quadrupoles analyzed, respectively, the primary and fragment ions. The collisions occur in the intermediate region. 

A method to force C. roseus cells to excrete the produced alkaloids into the medium by iontophoresis is described by Pu et al. (629). The authors demonstrated that a direct current of 1-2 mA was sufficient to enable the release of the alkaloids ajmalicine and yohimbine. The reactor used consisted of a single porous hydrophilic ceramic tube with a pore size of 0.2 nm housed in a 11-cm-long glass tube 1.6 cm in internal diameter. Two platinum wires were used as electrodes, with one placed evenly in the shell region of the reactor as anode and the other placed in the ceramic tube as cathode. It was shown that the application of a direct current caused a release of ajmalicine of approximately 0.4 mg/liter/hr per gram dry cell mass. Passive diffusion of alkaloids from the cells was negligible. The increase of the direct current from 1 to 2 mA effectively doubled the release of ajmalicine. 

As an example for technical ceramic compounds the figures 17, 18, 19 offer the same grafics for a honeycomb compound to produce catalysts with 300 cells per square inch on a extruder with auger diameter 180 mm (throughput 2801/h, pressure 150 bar). Hence of the 150 bar at the pressure head the compound is very stiff. The yield point calculates to 0.3 [bar], which is double to the brick compound and the Bingham viscocity with 2.2 [bar s] is more then triple than the brick compound. 

During testing, cells are placed in an inert ceramic housing consisting of alumina, with alumina flanges for gas distribution, platinum meshes for cathode current collection and nickel meshes for anode current collection. Current collectors are of the double grids mesh type and contact both electrodes directly ... 

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