Cell, carbon dioxide

Now lets consider the elemental approach to stoichiometry for a relatively simple situation aerobic growth where the only products formed are cells, carbon dioxide and water. The following formulas can be used if we consider the four main elements ... 

Almost all fuel hydrocarbons (including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylene isomers (BTEX)) can be directly oxidized by microorganisms in the groundwater under aerobic conditions [25]. The following stoichiometry illustrates the direct aerobic oxidation of benzene, resulting in production of microbial cells, carbon dioxide, and water ... 

Figure 7.20 Carbon dioxide and pH. Carbon dioxide in the tissues diffuses into red blood cells, Inside a red blood cell, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic acid dissociates to form HCOj and H , resulting in a drop in pH inside the red cell.

Carbon dioxide is a major end product of aerobic metabolism. In mammals, this carbon dioxide is released into the blood and transported to the lungs for exhalation. While in the red blood cells, carbon dioxide reacts with water (Section 7.3). The product of this reaction is a moderately strong acid, carbonic acid (pfCa= 3.5), which is converted into bicarbonate ion (HCO ") on the loss of a proton. 

Normal gas exchange Oxygen (O2) moves from the lungs to the blood and binds to the hemoglobin in red blood cells. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released, as shown by A. 

Metabolic products themselves are often toxic to the BU that produced them. Thus, alcohol is toxic to yeast cells, carbon dioxide is toxic to humans, and ammonia is toxic to birds (see Section 6.4). It is best to remember that metabolic products need to be removed from BU in cultures, bioreactors, greenhouses, bams, and hospitals in order that the BU not be affected by their own toxic byproducts. 

Inside the red blood cells, carbon dioxide rapidly reacts with water in the presence of carbonic anhydrase to produce carbonic acid. 

At the University of Hong Kong, China, a direct methanol fuel cell with passive supply of the methanol solution was built. The solution was supplied to the fuel cell by natural convection from a vessel, situated above the fuel cell. Carbon dioxide evolved... 

Applications other than synthetic applications of organometallic intramolecular-coordination five-membered ring compounds include catalysts, organic electronic devices, pharmaceuticals, dye-sensitized solar cells, carbon dioxide utilizations,... 

Some FCVs employ a battery to store electricity produced from the fuel cell stack. The stored electricity can be used to help power the electric motor or other electrical devices. Some FCVs are designed to use a liquid fuel such as gasoline or methanol, which is stored in a conventional, non-pressurized tank. FCVs using these fuels need a reformer—a fuel processor that breaks the fuel down into hydrogen for the fuel cell, carbon dioxide, and water. Although this process... 

The small amount of a nonpolar gas that does dissolve may be vital. At 25°C and 1 atm, the solubility of Oj is only 3.2 mL/lOO. mL of water, but aquatic animal life requires it. At times, the solubility of a nonpolar gas may seem high because it is also reacting with solvent. Oxygen seems more soluble in blood than in water because it bonds to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Carbon dioxide, which is essential for aquatic plants and coral-reef growth, seems very soluble in water ( of H2O at 25°C and 1 atm) because it is dissolving and reacting ... 

In our body, glucose is oxidized in a series of metabolic reactions known as respiration, which releases chemical energy to do work in the cells. Carbon dioxide and water are produced and returned to the atmosphere. The combination of photosynthesis and respiration is the carbon cycle, in which energy from the Sun is stored in plants by photosynthesis and made available to us when the carbohydrates in our diets are metabolized (see Figure 18.1). 

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