Catchment discharge

Water Urban and WWTP Industrial catchment industrial discharges discharges areas ... 

Pastore LM, Hertz-Picciotto I, Beaumont JJ (1997) Risk of stillbirth from occupational and residential exposures. Occup Environ Med 54 511-518 Peck AJ, Hatton T (2003) Salinity and the discharge of salts from catchments in Australia. J Hydrol 272 191-202... 

Rivers listed in Table 2 and shown in Fig. 3 incorporate a broad range of characteristics, including water discharge, catchment area, land cover, land use, and the number of people hving in the catchment. Land use and population reflect the potential pollution intensity, whereas the percentage of intensively used agricultural land in the catchment or the number of inhabitants per unit water discharge are major pollution stress factors. They also represent important diffuse and point sources of pollution. 

The recommendations on water management (Section 3.9) contain some very valuable approaches. The site-specific management requirements of local climate and geography are clearly recognized, as well as the necessity to address salinity on a catchment and community scale. While the standards do not take up the requirement of a watershed-scale approach, they do mention that measures of groundwater recharge and discharge control must be implemented, if salinity is present. 

Tables A1.1 and A1.2 also list the major uses of each chemical and the specific industries that may discharge the chemical (classified by the United Nations (UN) industry/process code numbers, details of which are given in Appendix 2). The lists are not comprehensive, because there may be considerable variation in the uses of chemicals by individual industries in different countries and regions. However, the information given may be useful to water authorities and related agencies when preparing an inventory of potential chemical contaminants within a catchment, Some of the uses listed may be very minor, but are nevertheless included in the list because it is not clear that they can be ignored when assessing the potential for contamination from industrial sources,...

Part C comprises the appendices. It includes guidance on the most likely sources of potential contaminants and on identifying chemicals that could be of concern in particular circumstances. The appendices address potential sources of chemicals considered in the WHO drinking-water guidelines (WHO, 2004 WHO, 2006), chemicals potentially discharged in effluents from industrial sources, and the association of pesticides with crops and crop types. This information is presented in an accessible format that will help users to determine the chemical hazards that can arise in the catchment, in treatment and in distribution, in large, medium and small water supplies. 

The Amazon River is the world s largest river and drains the world s largest single catchment (-6,000,000 km ). It discharges an average of about 200,000 m3 of water per second to the Atlantic Ocean. This volume is about 5 times more than the Congo, the second largest river. The Amazon has 1100... 

Figure 11 Dissolved silicon and magnesium in discharge from the Panola catchment, Georgia, USA. Dashed lines encompass the hillslope, groundwater, and shallow soil (organic) inputs (after Hooper et al., 1990).

Holland (1978) showed that specific annual discharge is the most significant control upon chemical erosion in temperate catchments,... 

Figure 8 Early spring samples from four streams at Sleepers River Watershed, Vermont, have 5 0 values intermediate between the compositions of snowmelt collected in pan lysimeters and groundwater. Diurnal fluctuations in discharge correlate with diurnal changes in 5 0, especially at W-2. W-2, a 59 ha agricultural basin, shows much greater contributions from snowmelt than the other three catchments. The three mixed agricultural/forested nested catchments—W-9 (47-ha), W-3 (837-ha), and W-5 (11,125)—show increasing contributions from new snowmelt as scale increases (after Shanley et al., 2001).

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