Cartesian paradigm

Rouelle assumed his teaching post at a time when the demise of the five principles had left French theoretical chemistry in disarray without a clear alternative. The Enlightenment public sphere also demanded a more rational chemical discourse than a mere apothecary s manual. Although the decline of the Cartesian paradigm called for a new textbook to replace Nicolas Lemery s, the last authenticated edition of which was published in 1716, Erench teachers did not step up to fill the gap. In the meantime, foreign authors such as Newton, Stahl, and Boerhaave... 

Keywords burden sharing, protection, refugees, responsibility sharing, paradigm shift, asylnm, Cartesian paradigm, burden, Cartesian approach, systems approach... 

The Cartesian paradigm is associated with the views of classical scientists such as Newton and Descartes (Capra 1997). Cartesians propose that the world is composed of independent elements and that the behaviour of complex systems can best be analysed in terms of the properties of the part The sum total of the behaviour of these parts then constitutes the behaviour of the complex entity which in the first place was broken up. 

Group theory can be used to determine far more than just the symmetries of the vibrational modes and how many vibrations will be IR- or Raman-active. We have shown how the structure of a molecule determines its symmetry, which in turn determines its vibrational spectrum. The paradigm can also be used in reverse. If the structure is unknown, the number of peaks in the IR (or Raman) spectrum can often be used to determine the molecule s structure where the geometry is not known in advance. For instance, molecules of the type AX4 can be either tetrahedral (Tj) or square planar (D4h). Using the mini-Cartesian axis vectors on each atom in the Tj point group gives the reducible representation Fj f in Table 9.4, which reduces to A, -l- -f2T -F 3T2. Subtraction of the translations (T2) and rotations (T,) leaves the following vibrational modes A -F -F T -F ITj. There are potentially two IR-active peaks (the ITj modes) and four Raman-active peaks (A -f +2T2). I say... 

This chapter examines to what extent Western states evolving interests have led to a paradigm shift away from atomistic and mono-dimensional (Cartesian) interventions in countries of asylum to holistic and multi-dimensions approaches in refugee source regions, and the implications this has for burden sharing. ... 

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