Carpenter, Frank

Frank J.R., Carpenter R.B. and Oglesby T.W. (1982) Cathodoluminescence and composition of calcite cement in the Taum Sauk limestone (Upper Cambrian), Southeast Missouri. J. Sedimet. Petrol. 52, 631-638. 

Kupfer DJ, Carpenter LL, Frank E. Possible role of antidepressants in precipitating mania and hypomania in recurrent depression. Am J Psychiatry 1988 145(7) 804-8. 

For the patient with persistent depressive symptoms, antidepressants are often necessary. However, the possibility of triggering a "switch" into mania must always be considered. Attempts have been made to develop reliable recommendations for the predictive risk of antidepressant-induced mania or hypomania (Kupfer, Carpenter, and Frank 1988, Altshuler et al. 1995). Stoll and colleagues (1994) report less risk with monoamine oxidase inhibitors or bupropion than with tricyclics or serotonin specific antidepressants. Due to lack of controlled studies and heterogeneous data sources, this issue remains controversial and is far from resolved. 

Figure 6. Model of how the hydroxyl groups of carbohydrates replace and act in a structural manner similar to water. The biophysics have been explored in detail by Crowe, Franks, Carpenter, Clegg and others. The microbiological term for molecular stability induced by polyhydroxyloligomers in the absence of water is anhydrobiosis.

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