Cardiovascular protective effects

Antioxidant action is one of the mechanisms that may contribute to the cardiovascular protective effects of soy and soy isoflavones. Antioxidant properties have been reported for isoflavones both in vitro and in vivo (see Section 7.3.5). 

Bradamante S, Barenghi L, Villa A. 2004. Cardiovascular protective effects of resveratrol. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 22 169-188. 

Geleijnse et al., 2002 Mukamal et al., 2002], Mechanisms by which these compounds exert their cardiovascular protective effects are still unknown. It is widely hypothesized that dietary flavonoids improve cardiovascular health and may help to prevent cardiovascular diseases/events by inhibiting pathogenic processes such as oxidative stress (lipid and protein peroxidation), inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet activation [Nijveldt et al., 2001]. 

XVII. The Fallacy of the Concepts of Normotension and Hypertension and the Cardiovascular Protective Effects of ACE Inhibitors... 

Other statins include simvastatin (also a lactone prodrug), pravastatin, atorvastatin, and cerivastatin (active form with open ring). The statins are the most important therapeutics for lowering cholesterol levels. Their notable cardiovascular protective effect, however, appears to involve additional actions. 

Hirafuji, M., Machida, T., Hamaue, N., Minami, M. 2(X)3. Cardiovascular protective effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids with special emphasis on docosahexaenoic acid. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 92 308-316. Berliner, J.A., Watson, A.D. 2005. A role for oxidized phospholipids in atherosclerosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 353 9-11. 

Recently, it was found that the intake of DHA effectively enhances maze-learning ability and brain functions in old mice rather than in young mice [59]. This study suggests that DHA is an important component for maintaining and improving brain functions in aged animals. Moreover, dietary supplement with DHA has provided evidence of its cardiovascular protective effects and its ability to lower blood pressure [60]. The mechanisms leading to these protective effects remain unclear. 

Ashby, J., Tinwell, H., Pennie, W., Brooks, A.N., Lefevre, P.A., Beresford, N., and Sumpter, J.P., Partial and weak oestrogenicity of the red wine constituent resveratrol consideration of its superagonist activity in MCF-7 cells and its suggested cardiovascular protective effects, J. Appl Toxicol, 19(1), 39 5, 1999. 

Matanjun, P., Mohamed, S., Muhammad, K., and Mustapha, N. M. (2010). Comparison of cardiovascular protective effects of tropical seaweeds, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Caulerpa lentiUifera, and Sargassum polycystum, on high-cholesterol/high-fat diet in rats. /. Med. Food 13, 792-800. 

If the drug affords any cardiovascular protective effect (i.e., the true hazard ratio is less than 1.0), fewer events would be needed to meet the regulatory thresholds. In contrast, if the drug increases the risk of cardiovascular events even slightly (i.e., the true hazard ratio is greater than 1.0), more events would be required to discharge the... 

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