Cardiovascular physiology

Practitioners must have a good understanding of cardiovascular physiology to diagnose, treat, and monitor circulatory problems in critically ill patients. Eugene Braunwald, a renowned cardiologist, described the interrelationships between the major hemodynamic variables (Fig. 10-1).1 These variables include arterial blood pressure, cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), left ventricular size, afterload, myocardial contractility, and preload. While an oversim-... 

Honig, C.R., Modern Cardiovascular Physiology, 2nd ed., Little, Brown, Boston/ Toronto, 1988. 

Graphs of ventricular (systolic) pressure versus volume are very useful tools and can be used to demonstrate a number of principles related to cardiovascular physiology. 

D Qrleans-Juste P, Labonte J, Bkaily G, et al. Function of the endothehn(B) receptor in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Pharmacol Ther 2002 95 221-38. 

Oudit GY, Crackower MA, Backx PH, et al. The role of ACE2 in cardiovascular physiology. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2003 13 93-101. 

Berne RM, Levy MN. Cardiovascular Physiology. 8th ed. St Louis Mosby 2001. 

The role of calcium in regulating cardiovascular physiology is presented in the fourth section of this volume. House et al. have provided an excellent review on the structure of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and its role in the contractility as well as proliferation and migration of VSMC. Banderali et al. have examined in detail the cellular regulation and pharmacological properties of calcium-activated potassium channels and their role in control of vascular tone by endothelium. 

Lentz SR Homocysteine and cardiovascular physiology, in Carmel R, Jacobsen DW (eds), Homocysteine in Health and Disease. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001, pp. 441-450. 

Table 1. List of important G-protein membrane-bound receptors involved in cardiovascular physiology...

The future of PET appears promising. Improved tomographic scanners, development of new radiopharmaceuticals, and improved understanding of substrate metabolism and its relationship to myocardial tissue viability will provide new dimensions to assess and evaluate myocardial function. Research enterprises are developing agents to label receptors as a tool to determine cardiovascular physiology and how altered receptor function, biochemical abnormalities, substrate metabolism, or other as yet unrecognized abnormahties impair cardiac function. 

Klabunde, R. E. (2007). Cardiovascular physiology concepts Frank-StarUng mechanism. In CV Pharmacology.Com. 

Multiple smooth muscle properties Intermediary metabolism Physiology of the central nervous system Gastrointestinal physiology Cardiovascular physiology Reproductive physiology... 

Nambu, J. R., Taussig, R., Mahon, A. C. and Scheller, R. H. (1983) Gene isolation with cDNA probes from identified Aplysia neurons neuropeptide modulators of cardiovascular physiology. Cell 35 47-56. 

Biomedical engineers have long studied the circulatory system and made essential contributions to our understanding of cardiovascular physiology [1, 2]. 

---