Cardiovascular disease congestive heart failure

Cardiovascular disease Coronary artery disease Congestive heart failure Myocardial infarction Neurologic disorders Alzheimer s disease Epilepsy... 

Low risk Has asymptomatic cardiovascular disease Has well-controlled hypertension Has mild, stable angina Has mild congestive heart failure (NYHA Class 1) Palient can be started on phosphodiesterase inhibitor... 

Moderate risk Has three or more risk factors for coronary artery disease Has moderate, stable angina Had a recent myocardial infarction or stroke within the past 6 weeks Has moderate congestive heart failure (NYHA Class 2) Fbtient should undergo a complete cardiovascular work-up and treadmill stress testing to determine tolerance to increased myocardial energy consumption associated with increased sexual activity... 

Cardiovascular disease Cardiomyopathy Congestive heart failure Myocardial infarction (heart attack)... 

As the prevalence of obesity increases worldwide, so does the prevalence of associated co-morbidities type-2 diabetes, chronic obstructive sleep apnoea, cardiovascular disease (hyper-tension, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure, stroke and peripheral vascular disease), fatty liver disease, various malignancies (Table 7.2), gallstones, subfertility, musculo-skeletal problems and depression. 

A series of bi- and tricyclic pyridoazepine-type lactams was studied as conformationally restrained peptide mimetics acting as ACE inhibitors or dual inhibitors, that is both ACE and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors, especially by the groups of Flynn and Robl. ACE and NEP are zinc metalloproteases acting as vasopeptidases. The respective inhibitors are used in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, and other cardiovascular diseases. 

L A. Metformin causes lactic acidosis in patients with renal failure and severe congestive heart failure. It does not increase the risk of ketoacidosis and showed a reduction in cardiovascular comorbidities in a large study. It is contraindicated in patients with severe liver disease but does not cause hepatic necrosis. When used as monotherapy, metformin rarely causes hypoglycemia. 

Reconsideration of contraindications has also been proposed in a prospective study in patients with serum creatinine concentrations of 130-220 pmol/1 and coronary heart disease (n — 226), congestive heart failure (n = 94) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 91). Half of the patients continued to take metformin and the other half stopped (39). Bodyweight and HbAic increased over 4 years in those who stopped taking metformin. Lactic acid concentrations were similar in the two groups. Deaths were similar in the two groups (62 and 64 respectively). The incidences of myocardial infarction, all cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular mortality were the same. Changes in additional therapy were only significant for insulin (30% versus 45% respectively) and diet (25% versus 0% respectively). 

Use of AASs as a therapy for cardiovascular disease, particularly to increase skeletal muscle strength in patients who have congestive heart failure, a condition in which fluid congestion occurs as a result of heart failure, is also being studied. AASs have been proposed for treatment in the cachexia, or wasting that accompanies certain cancers, as well. 

Cardiovascular diseases (angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure)... 

Compared to normotensives, hypertensive persons develop a marked excess of the major cardiovascular diseases. In the age group 45-74, they develop at least twice as much occlusive peripheral artery disease, about three times as much coronary disease, more than four times as much congestive [heart] failure and over seven times the incidence of brain infarction as normotensives. 

A number of cardiovascular disease states that eventually result in chronic congestive heart failure are associated with alterations in cardiac performance. Several hormonal factors such as angiotensin II, endothelin, and alterations in signal transduction mechanisms including adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C (PLC) have been reported to play an important role in the alterations of cardiac performance. 

Herbs have been used as medical treatments since the beginning of civilization and some herbal derivatives (e.g., aspirin, reserpine, and digitalis) have become a mainstay of human pharmacotherapy. For cardiovascular diseases, herbal treatments have been used in patients with congestive heart failure, systolic hypertension, angina pectoris, atherosclerosis, cerebral insufficiency, venous insufficiency, and arrhythmia. Scientific validation of several plant species has proved the efficacy of the botanicals in reducing the... 

Almost 40% of hypertensive patients have LVH which, after age, is the strongest predictor of cardiovascular disease, such as congestive heart failure (CHF), stroke, and coronary artery disease (CAD). Cardiovascular events occur in relation to left ventricular mass. Blood pressure reduction causes LVH regression, and therefore decreases the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and CAD mortality. ARBs have been shown to reduce LVH in a number of trials, including losartan in the LIFE [8] and irbesartan in the SILVHIA study [9]. 

---