Cardiovascular disease angiotensin-converting enzyme

Schunkert H. Polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and cardiovascular disease. J Mol Med 1997 75 867-875. 

Borer, J. S. (2007). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition A landmark advance in treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Eur. Heart. Suppl. 9, 2-9. 

Patients with diabetes are at very high riskfor cardiovascular disease. All patients with diabetes and hypertension should be managed with either an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB), typically in combination with one or more other antihypertensive agents. Multiple agents frequently are needed to control BP. 

Schoolwerth AC, Sica DA, Ballermann BJ, Wilcox CS. Renal considerations in angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy A statement for healthcare professionals from the Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease and the Council for High Blood Pressure Research of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001 104 1985— 1991. 

McFarlane, S. I., Kumar, A., and Sowers, J. R. (2003). Mechanisms by which angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors prevent diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Cardiol 91(Suppl.),30H- 7H. 

Several standard drug therapies can markedly improve survival from cardiovascular disease in select patient populations. These include j8-blockers (77-79), aspirin (80,81), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (82,83), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (84-86), anticoagulants (including warfarin and aspirin) (87-90), aldosterone antagonists (91), and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (78-80,83,86,92-98). 

In a recent example, linear selective hydroformylation was employed in a large-scale synthesis of (5)-allysine ethylene acetal, reported by Chirotech. (5)-Allysine ethylene acetal is a key intermediate for several angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) and neutral endopeptidase (NEP) inhibitors (for example, omapatrilat) that are currently in chnical trials (Scheme 14.3.). The inhibition of both these (ACE and NEP) enzymes by a single drug is an approach used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and heart failure. The product produced in Scheme 14.3 is also a possible precursor for (3-lactam antibiotics. ... 

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