Cardiovascular biomaterials biological materials

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and all the blood vessels. Cardiovascular biomaterials may contact blood (both arterial and venous), vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and myocardium, as well as a number of other cells and acellular matrix material that make up all biological tissue. This chapter will consider a wide range of biomaterials that interact with the heart, blood, and blood vessels. 

Processing methods can have a major impact on the success or failure of a cardiovascular biomaterial. As described previously, surface features (either deliberately introduced or as the result of machining or tool imperfections), residues (from cleaning, handling, or sterilization), or process aids (either as surface residues or as bulk material diffusing from the biomaterial) can change the biological results. 

Biomaterials that have been used in the cardiovascular system include processed biological substances, metals, and polymers (see Table 14.1 for typical materials and applications). Materials of biologic origin include structures such as pericardia, arteries and veins, and heart valves. Devices can also include biological substances, e.g., as coatings, such as collagen and heparin. 

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