Cardiorespiratory responses

Ballantyne and T.C. Marrs (eds.). Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Cyanides. Wright, Bristol. Itskovitz, J. and A.M. Rudolph. 1987. Cardiorespiratory response to cyanide of arterial chemoreceptors in fetal lambs. Amer. Jour. Physiol. 252(5, Part 2) H916-H922. 

Avakian EV, Horvath SM, Michael ED, Jacobs S. Effect of marihuana on cardiorespiratory responses to submaxi-mal exercise. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979 26(6) 777-81. 

Barraco, R.A., Ergene, E., Dunbar, J.C. El-Ridi, M.R. (1990) Cardiorespiratory response patterns elicited by microinjections of neuropeptide Y in the nucleus tractus solitarius. Brain Res. Bull. 24, 465 485. 

Miller A, Brown LK, Sloane MF, et al. Cardiorespiratory responses to incremental exercise in sarcoidosis patients with normal spirometry. Chest 1995 107(2) 323-329. 

Schwaibhnair M, Behr J, Fruhmann G. Cardiorespiratory responses to incremental exercise in patients with systemic sclerosis. Chest 1996 110 1520-1525. 

Gozal D, Torres JE, Gozal YM, Littwin SM. Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on cardiorespiratory responses in the conscious rat. J Appl Physiol 1996 81 2068-2077. 

In addition to the potential for adaptations in the eentral oxygen sensors during chronic sustained hypoxia, it is likely that adaptations occur in these central cardiorespiratory oxygen sensors during chronic intermittent hypoxia as well. Of particular interest is understanding what the impact of chronic intermittent hypoxia is on the cardiorespiratory responses and the particular adaptive or maladaptive changes in the cellular processing of the hypoxic stimulus (128-130). For example, how much of the clinical sequalae associated with OSA can be attributed to the responses to hypoxia ... 

Chau A, Koos BJ. Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia in fetal sheep adenosine receptor blockade. Am J Physiol 1999 276 R1805-R1811. 

Overdose may result in cholinergic crisis, characterized by severe nausea, increased salivation, diaphoresis, bradycardia, hypotension, flushed skin, abdominal pain, respiratory depression, seizures, and cardiorespiratory collapse, increasing muscle weakness may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. The antidote is 1 -2 mg IV atropine sulfate with subsequent doses based on therapeutic response. 

Most of the information on the effects of air pollution on humans comes from acute pollution episodes such as the ones in Donora and London. Illnesses may result from chemical irritation of the respiratory tract, with certain sensitive subpopulations being more affected (1) very young children, whose respiratory and circulatory systems are poorly developed, (2) the elderly, whose cardiorespiratory systems function poorly, and (3) people with cardiorespiratory diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and heart disease. Heavy smokers are also affected more adversely by air pollutants. In most cases the health problems are attributed to the combined action of particulates and sulfur dioxides (SO2) no one pollutant appears to be responsible. Table 4.2 summarizes some of the major air pollutants and their sources and effects. 

There is strong evidence that STX-induced lethality is caused by a combination of central and peripheral cardiorespiratory effects. Changes in cardiac output can be attributed to the effect of STX on fast sodium channels in contractile myocardium and Purkinje fibers. Cardiovascular shock resulting from high doses of STX is in response to a combination of vascular hypotension and reduced cardiac output, followed by a lack of venous return and finally hypoxia [131-134]. 

Theophylline is currently being used for the treatment of bronchial asthma and other cardiorespiratory disorders. Because there is good evidence that both the therapeutic response and the toxic side-effects are related to the concentration of the theophylline in the plasma, rather than to its dosage, accurate analytical methods are needed to make it possible to control treatment and reduce the risk of dangerous toxic symptoms. 

Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the cardiorespiratory reflex response to morphine and serotonin in the rat... 

Hohr D, Steinfartz Y, Schins RP, Knaapen AM, Martra G, Fubini B, Borm PJ (2002) The surface area rather than the surface coating determines the acute inflammatory response after instillation of fine and ultrafine Ti02 in the rat. Int J Hyg Environ Health 205 239-244 Hopke PK, Rossner A (2006) Exposure to aitbome particulate matter in the ambient, indoor, and occupational environments. Clin Occup Environ Med 5 747-771 Host S, Larrieu S, Pascal L, Blanchard M, Declercq C, Fabre P, Jusot JF, Chardon B, Le Tertre A, Wagner V, Prouvost H, Lefranc A (2008) Short-term associations between fine and coarse particles and hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in six French cities. Occup Environ Med 65 544—551... 

An additional consideration for the endpoints to be exantined is related to the timing of the insult, whether acute or chroruc, as this will produce different responses based oti the nature of the injury and the ability of the cardiorespiratory system to respond to maintain homeostatic balance (see Table 2 for details). 

---