Carboxylic acids, functional derivatives characteristic reactions

Cyanoformamidines, exhibiting nucleophilic and electrophilic properties in the 1,3-positions, react with hexafluoroacetone forming five-membered heterocycles (86CB2127). This ability to form five-membered heterocycles is the major characteristic of hexafluoroacetone, which is also inherent in some perfluorinated and partially fluorinated ketones, aldehydes, and imines in their reactions with a-functional derivatives of carboxylic acids, as well as w-amino, a-N-alkylamino,... 

Acidity of Amides, Imides, and Sulfonamides Characteristic Reactions Reaction with Water Hydrolysis Reaction with Alcohols Reactions with Ammonia and Amines Reaction of Acid Chiorides with Salts of Carboxylic Acids Interconversion of Functional Derivatives Reactions with Organometallic Compounds 18.10 Reduction... 

The characteristic functional group produced by the malonic acid synthesis is a carboxylic acid in which the a-carbon has one or two methyl, primary, or possibly secondary alkyl groups. Using retrosynthetic analysis derives the desired carboxylic acid from a diester of malonic acid, and one or two appropriate methyl, primary, or possibly secondary alkyl groups with a leaving group attached, sufficient to allow an Sj. 2 reaction. 

In this chapter, we first introduce the system of naming carboxylic acids and then list some of their physical and spectroscopic characteristics. We then examine their acidity and basicity, two properties that are strongly influenced by the interaction between the electron-withdrawing carbonyl group and the hydroxy function. Methods for the preparation of the carboxy group are considered next, followed by a survey of its reactivity. Reactions of carboxylic acids will feature a new two-step substitution pathway, addition-elimination, for the replacement of the hydroxy group by other nucleophiles, such as halide, alkoxide, and amide. The chemistry of the carboxylic acid derivatives, which result from these transformations, is the subject of Chapter 20. 

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