Carboxylic acid esters basic

The acylation of 5-hydroxymethylimidazo[2,l-h]thiazoles 96 (with, e.g., R = H, R = Ph) has been reported (80FES896). In line with expectations, ethyl esters of imidazol[2,l-6]thiazole carboxylic acids on basic hydrolysis... 

With diketene, intermediates of type (III) were isolated and subsequently cyclized under basic conditions following step (b). In the case of 3-oxo-carboxylic acid esters or 3-acyl Meldrum s acids, cyclization step (b) immediately follows reaction step (a), if a slight excess of amine is employed (85TH1 87TH1). Note that conversion of (III) to (V) involves the (IH)-enol (Table I cf. 75BSF2731). The relatively low yield in the case of malonic acid ester, as well as the failure of the reaction with the non-enolizable diphenyl phosphinylacetic ester and cyanoacetate, points to the participation of an enol structure of (III). 

Triaminophosphonium salts, unlike carbodiimides, only react with carboxylic acids under basic conditions, thereby yielding acyloxyphosphonium salts (Figure 13.5). Depending on the counterion X and on the precise reaction conditions, the acyloxyphosphonium salt can either acylate the amine directly or be transformed into the symmetric anhydride or an active ester [2,82], which then acylates the amine. At low... 

The first term, representing acid-"catalyzed" hydrolysis, is important in reactions of carboxylic acid esters but is relatively unimportant in loss of phosphate triesters and is totally absent for the halogenated alkanes and alkenes. Alkaline hydrolysis, the mechanism indicated by the third term in Equation (2), dominates degradation of pentachloroethane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, even at pH 7. Carbon tetrachloride, TCA, 2,2-dichloropropane, and other "gem" haloalkanes hydrolyze only by the neutral mechanism (Fells and Molewyn-Hughes, 1958 Molewyn-Hughes, 1953). Monohaloalkanes show alkaline hydrolysis only in basic solutions as concentrated as 0.01-1.0 molar OH- (Mabey and Mill, 1978). In fact, the terms in Equation(2) can be even more complex both elimination and substitution pathways can operate, leading to different products, and a true unimolecular process can result from initial bond breaking in the reactant molecule. 

Heating of 7-nitro-l,2,4-benzoxadiazine-3-carboxylic acid or basic hydrolysis of its ethyl ester results in 2-amino-6-nitrobenzoxazole [495, 496]. Earlier this compound was wrongly ascribed the structure of 7-nitro-l,2,4-benzoxadiazine [497], Nitrated 2-aminobenzoxazoles are obtained in good yield in the reaction of o/t/zo-aminophenols with cyanogen bromide [498-500] or with S-methylisothiourea derivatives (Scheme 2.77) [501],... 

At a first glance it may appear eccentric to show interest in the basicities of carboxylic acids. However, this is not as curious as it seems, since protonated carboxylic acids and their derivatives play the role as important intermediates during acid-catalysed reactions of these compounds. As a matter of fact, Scheele showed as early as in 1782 that addition of sulphuric acid to a mixture of acetic acid and ethanol accelerated esterification [192]. In this respect it is a key point that carboxylic acids, esters and anhydrides possess two oxygens which are po-... 

Basic hydrolysis cleaves the carboxylic acid ester bohds but doesn t affect the ether bond. Acidic hydrolysis cleaves all three groups bonded to glycerol and produces an aldehyde from the vinyl ether group. 

Rovnyak GC, Atwal KS, Hedberg A et al (1992) Dihydropyrimidine calcium channel blockers. 4. Basic 3-substituted-4-aryl-l, 4-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid esters. Potent antihypertensive agents. J Med Chem 35 3254-3263... 

The familiar substitution reactions of derivatives of carboxylic acids with basic reagents illustrate nucleophihc substitution at aliphatic sp carbons. (Substitution reactions of carboxylic acids, and their derivatives, with acidic reagents are covered in Chapter 4.) The mechanisms of these reactions involve two steps (1) addition of the nucleophile to the carbonyl group and (2) elimination of some other group attached to that carbon. Common examples include the basic hydrolysis and aminolysis of acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters, and amides. 

This question may sound trivial but students starting organic chemistry often make the error of trying to form esters from carboxylic acids in basic solution. Thinking about the reasons may save you from the error. 

The use of carboxylic acid esters as protective groups for alcohols is limited since they may undergo acyl substitution, hydrolysis or reduction. Reagents used for the preparation of esters in the presence of EtgN or pyridine are AcjO, AC2O-DMAP (note that DMAP increases the rate of acylation of alcohols with AcjO by a factor of 10" ), PhCOCl, (PhC0)20, and r-BuCOCl (pivaloyl chloride)." Deprotection of esters is usually done under basic conditions. ... 

Esters can be prepared from alcohols and activated forms of carboxylic acids by a variety of meth-ods. Carboxylic acid esters are mainly base labile and, therefore, they complement the acid sensitive ether protecting groups. A variety of esters can be used for simpler and for more complex problems. Here, only the most practical groups will be treated. The application of esters as protected forms is frequently complicated by the possibility of acyl migration which may occur under basic, acidic and also neutral conditions. ... 

This reaction was first reported by Geuther in 1863 and subsequently studied by Claisen. It is a self-condensation of ester in the presence of alkali alkoxide in alcohol to form /3-keto esters (e.g. ethyl acetoacetate from ethyl acetate) and is generally known as acetoacetic ester condensation. This reaction was extensively explored by McElvain in 1930s. In general, it is carried out under basic conditions (e.g., NaOEt) to generate /3-keto-esters from aliphatic carboxylic acid esters. 

Reduction of 9-azido-NeuAc (3) with H2/PdO in acidic aqueous methanol affords 9-amino-NeuAc quantitatively. Acylation of 9-amino-NeuAc with NHS esters of various carboxylic acids at basic conditions (pH 8-9) readily affords various 9-substituted NeuAc derivatives in the yields ranging from 45% to 25%. To the solution of 3 in aqueous methanol, PdO was added and stirred under Ha atmosphere with pH maintained at 1-2 by addition of acetic acid. The reaction mixture was filtered to remove the catalyst when it was complete as determined by TLC. To the titrate was added dioxane, and 4-azidobenzoic acid NHS ester with pH maintained between 8.0-9.0 with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The mixture was stirred in the dark for 48 hr. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give 4 in 45% yield. Rf ... 

Somewhat related to the Madelung and Wender indole syntheses is the method developed by Smith and Visnick, which features the dilithio species from ortho-sXkyl-N-in-methylsilyl anilines reacting with carboxylic acid esters to give 2-substitnted and 2,3-disubstituted indoles [1, 2], The value of this indole synthesis is seen by its numerous applications by Smith and coworkers in the synthesis of indole alkaloids [3-12], The basic reaction and some examples are shown in Scheme 1. The requisite silylated anilines were prepared by lithiation (n-bntyllithinm, -78 °C) of the aniline followed by quenching with trimethylsilyl chloride. For the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted indoles an inverse quench is preferred (equation 3). To lithiate ort/to-ethyl-A -methylsilyl aniline, n-butyllithium-tetramethylethylene-diamine (TMEDA) was required. Indole 1 is an intermediate in the synthesis of (H-)-cinchonamine. 

NaH stirred ca. 45 min. at 65-70° under Ng in excess dimethyl sulfoxide until Hg-evolution is complete, allowed to react with 1 equivalent of ethyl triphenyl-phosphonium bromide, then with 0.85 equivalent of benzophenone 1,1-di-phenyl-l-propene. Y 97.5%.—The reactivity of the methylsulfinyl carbanion (formed by reaction of NaH with dimethyl sulfoxide), which is even more basic than the trityl anion, is sufficient to convert phosphonium salts into ylides thereby permitting a simple and convenient modification of the Wittig reaction. E. J. Gorey and M. Ghaykowsky, Am. Soc. 8A, 866 (1962) / -diketones from carboxylic acid esters and ketones (s. Synth. Meth. 6, 737), sym. ) -diketones, s. J. J. Bloomfield, J. Org. Chem. 27, 2742 (1962). 

Moon and co-workers have made a detailed study of the two-phase basic hydrolysis of aromatic carboxylic acid esters [5] and the corresponding acid-catalysed reaction has been described for the hydrolysis of sugar cane bagasse. Optimal conditions involved the use of 38 % concentrated hydrochloric acid in combination with lithium chloride [221], which produced a 62 % rate increase in comparison with the stirred reaction. 

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