Ethers, carbonylation

H-bond acceptors carbonyls, ethers, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons, tertiary amines. 

Lommerse JPM, Price SL, Taylor R. Hydrogen bonding of carbonyl, ether, and ester oxygen atoms with alkanol hydroxyl groups. J Comput Chem 1997 18 757-774. 

R1=aryl, alkyl, carbonyl, ether, alcohol R2=H, alkyl, acetate, ether, OH X=0, N, C(C02IVle)2... 

The application of modern surface analysis techniques, such as XPS, to the analysis of modified polymer surfaces, has demonstrated that in most of the above processes the polymer is oxidized. Many functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, ether, carboxyl, ester, peroxide, epoxide, etc., have been detected by direct XPS analysis or after derivatization of functional groups. The interaction between evaporated metal films and several of such functional groups has been clearly demonstrated (3). 

Primary alcohols afforded the corresponding carboxylic acids via further oxidation of the aldehyde intermediate, e.g. 1-hexanol afforded 1-hexanoic acid in 95% yield. It is important to note, however, that this was achieved without the requirement of one equivalent of base to neutralize the carboxylic acid product (which is the case with supported noble metal catalysts). In contrast, when 1 mol% TEMPO (4 equivalents per Pd) was added, the aldehyde was obtained in high yield, e.g. 1-hexanol afforded 1-hexanal in 97% yield. Under cosolvent conditions using water/ethylene carbonate, Pd-neocuproine was found to be even more active (Fig. 4.65) [174]. This system is exceptional because of its activity (TOF 500h-1 could be reached for 2-octanol) and functional group tolerance, such as C=C bonds, C = C bonds, halides, a-carbonyls, ethers, amines etc. Thereby this system is expected to have a broad synthetic utility. 

Hydrogen bond acceptor (e.g., carbonyl, ether, and hydroxyl)... 

Bonding of Carbonyl, Ether, and Ester Oxygen Atoms with Alkanol Hydroxyl Groups. 

Imide/Nitio Ratio Carbonyl/ Ether Ratio... 

Oxygen is known to occur in several different forms in coal, including phenolic hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, carbonyl, ether linkages, and heterocyclic oxygen (Chapter 10). 

Draw the structures of the functional groups alkene, alkyne, alcohol, haloalkane, carbonyl, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, and amide. (Section 24.4)... 

The RUO4 catalytic system oxidizes secondary alcohols to ketones and primary alcohols to carboxylic acids. Alkenes can be oxidized completely, to produce the corresponding carbonyl compounds, or partially, to produce epoxides this transformation will be discussed below. In addition, methylene carbons adjacent to certain functional groups can be oxidized to the corresponding carbonyl ethers are converted to esters, tertiary amines and amides to amides and imides. 

Different types of carbons have been employed more or less successfully in gas chromatography. Active carbons have been used the longest, practically since GC was invented. Their snrface character is determined by the kind and the amount of the varions heteroatom-containing functionalities and may be very complex (i.e., phenols, carboxyls, carbonyls, ethers, quinones, and lactones). To adjust these properties for efficient and effective chromatographic separation, special attention has been paid to carbonization and activation processes and to... 

The structure of graphite oxide is still not clearly defined and several models have been proposed with various hydroxyl-, carbonyl-, ether-bridges and C=C bonds. The interlayer spacing is 0.6 - 0.7 nm. A typical structure is shown in Fig. 10.1 Graphite oxide is strongly hygroscopic and... 

The actins form lipid-soluble alkali ion complexes. Several studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanism of action of these ionophores. The complexed ion is bound to the ionophore by induced-dipole interactions with the oxygen atoms of carbonyl, ether, and/or hydroxyl groups. The ionophore encloses the ion so that polar groups are directed toward the interior, while the lipophilic hydrocarbon groups are exposed on the exterior. 

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