Carbonyl group inductive effect

Carboxylic acids are weak acids and m the absence of electron attracting substituents have s of approximately 5 Carboxylic acids are much stronger acids than alcohols because of the electron withdrawing power of the carbonyl group (inductive effect) and its ability to delocalize negative charge m the carboxylate anion (resonance effect)... 

Since the NO2 group is bonded to a benzene ring that is bonded directly to the carbonyl group, inductive effects and resonance effects stabilize the conjugate base. For example, a resonance structure can be drawn that places a (+) charge close to the 000 group. 

Fluorinated Acids. This class of compounds is characterized by the strength of the fluorocarbon acids, eg, CF COOH, approaching that of mineral acids. This property results from the strong inductive effect of fluorine and is markedly less when the fluorocarbon group is moved away from the carbonyl group. Generally, their reactions are similar to organic acids and they find apphcations, particularly trifluoroacetic acid [76-05-1] and its anhydride [407-25-0] as promotors in the preparation of esters and ketones and in nitration reactions. 

For many years, resonance in caiboxylate ions was emphasized when explaining the acidity of carboxylic acids. Recently, however, it has been suggested that the inductive effect of the carbonyl group may be more important. It seems clear that, even though then- relative contributions may be a matter of debate, both play major roles. 

The carbonyl carbon of an unsymmetrical ketone is a prochiral center reaction with a Grignard reagent 2 (R 7 R, R") can take place on either face of the carbonyl group with equal chance. The products 8a and 8b are consequently formed in equal amounts as racemic mixture, as long as no asymmetric induction becomes effective ... 

The carbonyl group also possesses electrophilic properties at the carbon atom and nucleophilic properties at the oxygen atom. Nucleophilic attack of the carbonyl group is favored if this is attached to an aromatic ring (inductive effect) and there is also a methoxy or phenolic OH group present in the 4-position. Changing a neutral reaction medium by proton addition has the same effect. 

As well as the C->-0 inductive effect in the bond joining the two atoms, the more readily polarisable it electrons are also affected (cf p. 22) so that the carbonyl group is best represented by a hybrid... 

CX3 is a good leaving group because of the electron-withdrawing inductive effect of the three halogen atoms this activates the carbonyl carbon atom in (100) to nucleophilic attack, and also stabilises the... 

The inductive effect of the carbonyl group (C=0 group) is responsible for the... 

The carbonyl group has a more powerful electron-attracting inductive effect than the CH2 group. 

The carbon atom of the carbonyl group of acetic acid bears a large positive charge, it adds its electron-withdrawing inductive effect to that of the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group attached to it. 

The electron-withdrawing inductive effect of the carbonyl group also stabilizes the acetate ion, and therefore the acetate ion is a weaker base than the ethoxide ion. 

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