Carbon pressure combustion

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless and odorless gas molecule. This inorganic compound, at standard temperature and pressure, is chemically stable with low solubility in water but high solubility in alcohol and benzene. Incomplete oxidation of carbon in combustion is the major source of environmental production of CO. When it burns, CO yields a violet flame. The specific gravity of CO is 0.96716 with a boiling point of -190°C and a solidification point of-207°C. The specific volume of CO is 13.8 cu ft/lb (70°F). 

Recombination reactions dominate the postflame chemistry of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and acetylene flames, and also are generally important pathways in high-pressure combustion. Their essential role in a CO flame, for example, can be seen from the overall equation... 

Carrying out a combustion. The apparatus (Fig. 85, p. 469) will have been left with the bottle W connected to the beak of the combustion tube via the guard tube V and with all the taps shut, the combustion tube, which is dways allowed to cool down while connected to the oxygen source, will therefore be full of oxygen at slightly above atmospheric pressure, thus preventing any leaking in of carbon dioxide or water vapour from the air. 

The second indication is a faint smoke-like cloudiness in the zone of the tube which is being heated by the Bunsen this is readily visible as the interior of the tube is normally quite clear and bright. This is a later stage of development of the flash-back than the rise of pressure, already mentioned, and should be counteracted by moving the Bunsen immediately to the point of the combustion tube where heating was commenced. In either case the Bunsen should then be moved slowly forwards as before. A flash-back is attended by the deposition of carbon particles, carried back by the explosion wave, on the cold walls of the tube. Care should be taken that these are completely burnt off as the Bunsen is slowly moved forward again. 

At still higher temperatures, when sufficient oxygen is present, combustion and "hot" flames are observed the principal products are carbon oxides and water. Key variables that determine the reaction characteristics are fuel-to-oxidant ratio, pressure, reactor configuration and residence time, and the nature of the surface exposed to the reaction 2one. The chemistry of hot flames, which occur in the high temperature region, has been extensively discussed (60-62) (see Col ustion science and technology). 

The steam balance in the plant shown in Figure 2 enables all pumps and blowers to be turbine-driven by high pressure steam from the boiler. The low pressure exhaust system is used in the reboiler of the recovery system and the condensate returns to the boiler. Although there is generally some excess power capacity in the high pressure steam for driving other equipment, eg, compressors in the carbon dioxide Hquefaction plant, all the steam produced by the boiler is condensed in the recovery system. This provides a weU-balanced plant ia which few external utiUties are required and combustion conditions can be controlled to maintain efficient operation. 

Hexachloroethane, like carbon tetrachloride and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, can be used to formulate extreme pressure lubricants (149,150). For example, lubricating oils containing 0.02—3.0 wt % (as halogen) of hexachloroethane reduce the abrasion of exhaust valve seats in internal combustion engines (151)... 

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