Carbon monooxide

Note The electrochemical carbonylation is carried out in an MeOH-PdCh/LiCl-fC) system and bubbling carbon monooxide into the solution. 

It has been found that 1,2,4-oxadiazoles 255 can be obtained from amidoximes 254 and aryl iodides by the palladium-mediated reaction in the presence of carbon monooxide. This reaction was applicable to both electron rich and deficient aryl iodides (equation 110) °. Amidoximes in the system Arl+ Ph X /CO/PdCH/KiCOs/NMP/tolnene also afforded 5 -aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. ... 

Three-component reactions between organic electrophile (halide, ester, etc.), carbon monooxide, and organic nucleophile (organometallic compound) (Equation (1)) catalyzed by transition metal complexes afford a powerful method for the synthesis of various ketones. The pioneering works in this area appeared in the early 1980s. 

Cationic 1,2-silyl migration was proposed to be involved during the reactions of carbon monooxide and isocyanides with transition metal-carbon bonds (ligand distribution) (equation 18)55-65. Typically, the reaction of l-sila-3-zirconacyclobutane 29 with carbon monooxide afforded a dioxasilazirconacyclohexane derivative 30. The reaction was considered to proceed via a CO insertion into a Zr—C bond followed by a 1,2-silyl migration as shown in equation 1960. This type of reactions are well-documented in a review of Durfee and Roth well66. 

Murai and coworkers reported a simple synthetic method of acylsilane enolates using the reactions of silylmethyllithiums 125 with carbon monooxide (equation 84)201. The... 

Tsuchida H, Sakai H, Intaliertta M (2007) Intravenous fluids containing heme with carbon monooxide or nitrogen monooxide. Patent JP 2007/269665... 

J. Rostrup-Nielsen, Equilibria of decomposition reactions of carbon monooxide and methane over nickel catalyst, J. Catalysis, 27 343 (1972)... 

Internal plasticizers are synthesized by copolymerization of suitable monomers. Polymeric non-extractable plasticizers, mostly copolymers having substantially lower glass transition temperatures due to the presence of plasticizing ( soft ) segments such as poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) with approximately 45 % vinylacetate content, ethylene-vinyl acetate-carbon monooxide terpolymer, or chlorinated PE, are available for rather special applications in medicinal articles (Meier, 1990). In this case, the performance of the internally plasticized polymers is the principal advantage. However, copolymerization may account for worse mechanical properties. A combination with external plasticizers may provide an optimal balance of properties. For example, food contact products made from poly(vinylidene chloride) should have at most a citrate or sebacate ester based plasticizers content of 5 % and at most 10 % polymeric plasticizers. 

While platinum and rhodium are predominantly used as efficient catalysts in the hydrosilylation and cobalt group complexes are used in the reactions of silicon compounds with carbon monooxide, in the last couple of years the chemistry of ruthenium complexes has progressed significantly and plays a crucial role in catalysis of these types of processes (e.g., dehydrogenative silylation, hydrosilylation and silylformylation of alkynes, carbonylation and carbocyclisation of silicon substrates). 

Notice from the above examples that to avoid awkward pronunciations, we often drop the final o or a of the prefix when the element begins with a vowel. For example, N204 is called dinitrogen tetroxide, not dinitrogen tetraoxide and CO is called carbon monoxide, not carbon monooxide. 

Caution. Carbon monooxide and osmium compounds are highly toxic. These reactions should be carried out in well ventilated fume hood. Potassium reacts violently with water care should be taken to ensure anhydrous conditions. Furthermore, potassium oxides can be explosive, so that only fresh samples with little or no surface oxide should be cut as described here. 

Several conventions are observed for inferring oxidation numbers, the use of which is particularly common in the names of compounds of transition elements. Hydrogen is considered positive (oxidation number I) in combination with non-metallic elements and negative (oxidation number —I) in combination with metallic elements. Organic groups combined with metal atoms are treated sometimes as anions (for example, a methyl ligand is usually considered to be a methanide ion, CH3 ), sometimes as neutral (e.g. carbon monooxide). Bonds between atoms of the same species make no contribution to oxidation number. 

Bronikowski, M.J. Willis, P.A. Colbert, D.T. Smith, K.A. Smalley, R.E. Gas-phase production of carbon single walled nanotubes from carbon monooxide via the HIPCO process a parametric study. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 2001, 19, 1800-1805. 

Kolomnikow, I. S. Lysyak, T.V. Carbon-Dioxide in Coordination Chemistry and Catalysis, Russ. Chem. Rev. 1990,59, 589. (f) Behr, A. Carbon Dioxide Activation by Metal Complexes, VCH, Weinheim, 1988. (g) Darensbourg, D. J. Kudaroski, R. A. The activation of carbon dioxide by metal complexes, Adv. Organomet. Chem. 1983, 22, 129. (h) Eisenberg, R. Hendricksen, D. E. The binding and activation of carbon monooxide, carbon dioxide, and nitric oxide and their homogeneously catalyzed reactions, Adv. Catal. 1979, 28, 79. (i) Souter, P. F. Andrews, L. P. F. A Spectroscopic and Theoretical-Study of the Reactions of Group-6 Metal Atoms with Carbon-Dioxide,/. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991,119, 7350. 

Bartholomew, G. W., and M. Alexander (1982). Microorganisms responsible for the oxidation of carbon monooxide in soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 16, 300-301. 

Table 7. CO stretching frequencies (cm of carbon monooxide adducts of metalloporphyrins...

These examples illustrate that we sometimes drop the final o (mono) or a (penta) of the prefix when the second element is oxygen. This avoids creating a name that is awkward to pronounce. For example, CO is carbon monoxide instead of carbon monooxide. 

Z)-Stilbene]Cr(CO)3 showed three optically accessible excited states. One of these excited states caused (E)-(Z) isomerization and the other resulted in a slow release of carbon monooxide. " Tetranuclear rhenium(I) tricarbonyl diimine complexes (20) with a stilbene-like bridging ligand showed efficient photoswitching properties. The accurate quantum yields of the photoisomerization of the mononuclear rhenium(I) tricarbonyl diimine complex could be determined readily by the H NMR technique in eombination with absorption spectroscopy. ... 

Carbon monooxide is oxidized by (1) to CO2. Nitroso groups in perfluoronitrosoalkanes are either oxidized to nitro groups or undergo substitution by an OSO2F group. 

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