Carbon in atmosphere

Fig. 5-3. The response of carbon in atmosphere and ocean to a sudden increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide to a value of 5 PAL. Alkalinity is not plotted because it does not change in response to this perturbation.

Fig. 5-4. The response of carbon in atmosphere and ocean to a fossil fuel source of carbon dioxide that increases for a few hundred years and then decreases. The history of the source is plotted at the bottom of the figure (Broecker and Peng, 1982, p. 553).

The error results in the following way. The amount of organic carbon dissolved in the oceans is 0.14 gm/cm2, about equal to the amount of carbon in atmospheric carbon dioxide of 0.13 g C/cm2. Since the organic carbon is 2.7 percent depleted in carbon-13, the atmospheric reservoir is correspondingly enriched by 2.7 percent. 

McCarthy, R. Moore, C.E. "Determination of free carbon in atmospheric dust". Anal. Chem., 1952, 2, 411-412. 

The separate determination of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric particles has been addressed in a number of ways by many workers over a period of... 

K0a as described in its simplified form in Eq. (1), assuming yocr/yoM MW0ct/ MWom to be equal to 1 and poor to be 0.820 kg/L./EC is the fraction of elemental carbon in atmospheric particles, which was estimated to be less than 5% in rural and remote sites [59], aac is the surface area of active carbon, acc is the specific surface of elemental carbon and 10-12 is a factor for unit correction. Assuming that the ratios /oct/ /om- MW0ct/MW0m and acc/a,AC are equal to 1, it is possible to predict Kp values from/oM and/EC [30-34, 52],... 

Pio, C. A., Castro, L. M., and Ramos, M. O. (1993). Differentiated determination of organic and elemental carbon in atmospheric aerosol particles by a thermal-optical method. In Physico-Chemical Behaviour of Atmospheric Pollutants, Report EUR 15609/2 EN, Ange-letti, G., and Restelli, G, eds., Proceedings of the Sixth European Symposium, Vol. 2, Varese, 18-22 October, pp. 706-711. 

Since 1901 it has been found unnecessary to prepare the carbide itself in tho first place, and necessary to exclude oxygen, so that now the process involves the heating together, in an electric furnace, of limo and carbon in atmospheric nitrogen, when the following change takes place ... 

In physical activation, the gasification of the carbonized carbon usually occurs at higher temperature above 800 °C in the presence of suitable oxidizing gases such as steam, carbon dioxide C02, or a mixture of these.14 16 18 19,21 28 30 32,34,35 Activation of the carbon in atmospheres of steam and C02 occurs by the following endothermic reactions. 

Jacobson MZ (2001) Strong radiative heating due to the mixing state of black carbon in atmospheric... 

Carbon has several isotopes, the most abundant of which has an atomic mass of 12 Daltons and is designated C. The isotope C is a stable, naturally occurring isotope, much less abundant than C, constituting about 1.1% of the carbon in atmospheric CO2 (Winkler and Schmidt, 1980). Photosynthetic fixation of CO2 by plants takes place via three different routes, which depend on the nature of the plant (Brause and Raterman, 1982 Brause et al., 1984 Bricout and Koziet, 1987 Pollard, 1993 van der Merwe, 1992 Winkler and Schmidt, 1980). The higher plants fix CO2 via the carbon cycle to form a three-carbon compound, the C3 pathway. In some... 

CO2 flux by volcanic gas takes an important role in global carbon cycle. Gerlach (1989) estimated CO2 flux by volcanic gas from mid-oceanic ridges today to be (0.23-0.86) X 10 mol my . Therefore, a summation of hydrothermal and volcanic gas CO2 flux from mid-oceanic ridges is ca. 2 x 10 mol my . This carbon input by hydrothermal and volcanic gas changes to carbonate and organic carbon in atmosphere ocean system. The amounts of carbonate and organic carbon are 5,200 x 10 mol and 1,300 x 10 mol, respectively and total amount is... 

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