Carbon electrical charge

Dipole. Every amino acid molecule has two equal electric charges of opposite sign caused by the amino and carboxyl groups on the a-carbon... 

Various theories have been postulated to explain the phenomenom that magnetic fields can change the way in which calcium carbonate precipitates and crystallizes, the most probable one being that the applied field distorts the electrical charge carried by small particles of calcium carbonate that have already formed in the water, thus affecting the way in which they adhere to form large particles. 

Titanium forms a series of oxoanions called titanates, which are prepared by heating Ti02 with a stoichiometric amount of the oxide or carbonate of a second metal. One of these compounds, barium titanate, BaTi03, is piezoelectric, which means that it becomes electrically charged when it is mechanically distorted. The ability to convert mechanical vibration into an electrical signal makes barium titanate useful for underwater sound detection. 

The newest addition to the forms of elemental carbon is the nanotube. A carbon nanotube is a long cylinder of carbon atoms, connected together in much the same way as in a fullerene. Both the diameter and the length of carbon nano-tubes can vary. Properties of nanotubes, such as their ability to conduct electrical charge, change dramatically with the dimensions of the tube. Carbon nanotubes are under intensive study. For example, a carbon nanotube laid down on a silicon chip forms a molecular transistor. Such devices may eventually lead to further miniaturization of the chips that are at the heart of modem computers. 

There are several choices for the adsorbent. Activated carbon still remains the most widely used, especially for VOCs. Activated carbon is by far the most commonly used adsorbent in odor control applications and many VOC recovery applications. Because of its relatively uniform distribution of surface electrical charge, activated carbon is not selective toward polar molecules. 

Most fuel cells being developed consume either hydrogen or fuels that have been preprocessed into a suitable hydrogen-rich form. Some fuel cells can directly consume sufficiently reactive fuels such as methane, methanol, carbon monoxide, or ammonia, or can process such fuels internally. Different types of fuel cells are most appropriately characterized by the electrolyte that they use to transport the electric charge and by the temperature at which they operate. This classification is presented in Table 7.4. 

Protons and electrons are the basic components of the hydrogen atom and these atoms are the basic building blocks of the other 91 elements that occur naturally. The atomic number of an atom equals the number of protons, hydrogen nuclei, or electrons of the element. Hydrogen with one proton and one electron, has an atomic number of 1. Carbon has six protons and six electrons and an atomic number of 6. The proton s positive electrical charge and the electron s negative charge have a natural attraction for each other. 

All 20 of the common amino acids are a-amino acids. They have a carboxyl group and an amino group bonded to the same carbon atom (the a carbon) (Fig. 3-2). They differ from each other in their side chains, or R groups, which vary in structure, size, and electric charge, and which influence the solubility of the amino acids in water. In addition to these 20 amino acids there are many less common ones. Some are residues modified after a protein has been synthesized others are amino acids present in living organisms but not as constituents of proteins. The common amino acids of proteins have been assigned three-letter abbreviations and one-letter... 

---