Carbon dioxide safety aspects

The energy density of commercial cells has almost doubled since their introduction in 1991 since 1999 the volumetric energy density has increased from 250 to over 400 Wh/1. Details of the original commercial cells have been reviewed by Nishi, where key aspects are discussed concerning the need for large particle size, 15—20 /increase safety and the intentional incorporation of lithium carbonate into the cathode to provide a safety valve. The lithium carbonate decomposes, releasing carbon dioxide when the charging exceeds 4.8 V, which breaks electrical flow in the cell. These lithium cobalt oxides also contain excess lithium and can be best represented by the formula... 

An unfortunate aspect to the use of entrainers is that in some cases their inclusion detracts from the good health and safety characteristics of pure carbon dioxide. 

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