Carbon dioxide electrosynthesis

The addition of carbanions, generated electrochemically by reduction of the carbon-halogen bond, to carbon dioxide has been examined under a variety of experimental conditions. Direct electrosynthesis of carboxylic acids in a divided cell using an aprotic solvent and a tetraalkylammonium salt as electrolyte is most sue-... 

Electrolytic decarboxylative coupling of sodium salts of carboxylic acids takes place during their electrolysis. Carbon dioxide is eliminated, and the free radicals thus generated couple to form hydrocarbons or their derivatives. The reaction is referred to as the Kolbe electrosynthesis and is exemplified by the synthesis of 1,8-difluorooctane from 5-fluorovaleric acid (equation 469) [574]. Yields of homologous halogenated acids range from 31% to 82% [574]. 

In Kolbe electrosynthesis the carboxylate ion loses an electron and then carbon dioxide [Eq. (18)] this reaction is discussed in Chapter 14. A number of electrochemical reactions involve a cleavage of the bond between the central metal atom and one or more ligands. Such reactions are not discussed here. 

A typical example is the Kolbe electrosynthesis in which a carboxylate salt is electrochemically discharged at vitreous carbon anodes, in both aqueous and nonaqueous media, yielding a hydrocarbon with high efficiency and carbon dioxide. 

D.R. (2010) Microbial electrosynthesis feeding microbes electricity to convert carbon dioxide and water to multicarbon extracellular organic compounds. mBio, 1 (2), e00103-10. 

The electrosynthesis of aromatic carboxylic acids from aryl halides and carbon dioxide is either catalyzed by nickel " or palladium complexes. 

Electrocatalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reduction Electrosynthesis in Supercritical Fluids Reactive Metal Electrode... 

Electrosynthesis in Supercritical Fluids, Scheme 1 Electrochemical synthesis of dimethyl carbonate in a supercritical carbon dioxide-methanol medimn... 

Nevin KP, Flensley SA, Franks AE, Summers ZM, Ou J, Woodard TL, Snoeyenbos-West OL, Lovley DR (2011) Electrosynthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide is catalyzed by a diversity of acetogenic microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 77(9) 2882-2886... 

Tascedda P, Dunach R (2000) Electrosynthesis of cyclic carbamates fixun aziridmes and carbon dioxide. Chem Commun 449-450... 

Electrosynthesis was complicated by the insertion of carbon dioxide from air into a Zn-N bond of the carbamate complex containing ligand A with formation of the zinc complex of the dianionic ligand B. Hydrogen was liberated at the platinum cathode. ... 

Dimensionally Stable Anodes— These anodes are composed of a base metal such as titanium, coated with a precious metal oxide (e.g., ruthenium dioxide). Such anodes can be used instead of Pt or carbon for oxygen evolution counter electrodes in an organic electrosynthesis. They have also found some applications for organic oxidation reactions [61]. 

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