Carbon cycle research programs

Phosphate-cycle programs, which first became available at the turn of the twentieth century and were researched and formalized in the 1920s, have gradually replaced the carbonate-cycle programs. Formulation developments include combined phosphate-carbonate cycle programs, which incorporate the best of both basic programs while minimizing the problems associated with carbonate breakdown. 

Sarmiento JL and Wofsy (eds.) (1999) A U.S. Carbon Cycle Science Plan. Washington, DC U.S. Global Change Research Program. 

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