Carbon Cross-Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids

Carbon-Carbon Cross-Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids 

Palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions are among the best studied reactions in recent decades since their discovery [102, 127-130], These processes involve molecular Pd complexes, and also palladium salts and ligand-free approaches, where palladium(O) species act as catalytically active species [131-135]. For example, the Heck reaction with aryl iodides or bromides is promoted by a plethora of Pd(II) and Pd(0) sources [128, 130], At least in the case of ligand-free palladium sources, the involvement of soluble Pd NPs as a reservoir for catalytically active species seems very plausible [136-138], Noteworthy, it is generally accepted that the true catalyst in the reactions catalyzed by Pd(0) NPs is probably molecular zerovalent species detached from the NP surface that enter the main catalytic cycle and subsequently agglomerate as N Ps or even as bulk metal. 

For example, the Mizoroki-Heck reaction consists of the reaction of an unsaturated halide with alkenes under basic conditions catalyzed by a Pd source dissolved in 

Functionalization and Defunctionalization Reactions Using Metal Nanoparticles in Ionic Liquids 

In recentyears, metal NPs synthesized in ILs were recognized as suitable materials to promote the formation of chemical bonds in reactions other than palladium-catalyzed carbon-carbon cross-coupling reactions. For example, aldehydes and esters 

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