Carbon chain-forming properties

Other types of carbon (amorphous or transitional forms with turbostratic structure) consist of fragments of graphitelike regions cross-linked to a three-dimensional polymer by carbon chains. Unlike graphite, the transitional forms are organic semiconductors with electrical properties determined by delocalized rr-electrons. 

It should be emphasized that the electrochemical carbonization proceeds, in contrast to all other common carbonization reactions (pyrolysis), already at the room temperature. This fact elucidates various surprising physicochemical properties of electrochemical carbon, such as extreme chemical reactivity and adsorption capacity, time-dependent electronic conductivity and optical spectra, as well as its very peculiar structure which actually matches the structure of the starting fluorocarbon chain. The electrochemical carbon is, therefore, obtained primarily in the form of linear polymeric carbon chains (polycumulene, polyyne), generally termed carbyne. This can be schematically depicted by the reaction ... 

Butane, is the either of two saturated hydrocarbons, or alkanes, with the chemical formula of C4H10 of the paraffin series. In both compounds the carbon atoms are joined in an open chain. In n-butane (normal), the chain is continuous and unbranched whereas in i-butane (iso) one of the carbon atoms forms a side branch. This difference in structure results in small but distinct differences in properties. Thus, n-butane melts at -138.3 °C (-216.9 °F) and boils at -0.5 °C (31.1 °F), and i-butane melts at -145 °C (-229 °F) and boils at -10.2 °C (13.6 °F). 

The carbon chain is in a planar zigzag orientation and forms an orthorhombic lattice with interpenetration of adjacent chains.61 As a result of this structure, ETFE has an exceptionally low creep, high tensile strength, and high modulus compared to other thermoplastic fluoropolymers. Interchain forces hold this matrix until the alpha transition occurs at about 110°C (230°F), where the physical properties of ETFE begin to decline and more closely resemble perfluoropolymers properties at the same temperature. Other transitions occur at -120°C (-184°F) (gamma) and about -25°C (-13°F) (beta).62... 

When the ring opens in solution, C-l becomes the carbon atom of the aldehyde group, which has reducing properties. Only the open-chain form has reducing properties the ring forms are nonreducing because they lack an aldehyde group. 

In a combined experimental and theoretical study, Borovkov et alP examined the properties of w-alkane radical cations in solution. Here, we shall just focus on one single aspect of their work, i.e., the conformers of one of the alkanes, w-nonane, C9H2o-In its simplest form of the highest symmetry, its structure can be described as a zigzag chain formed by the 9 carbon atoms. To each of the carbon atoms, 2 hydrogen atoms... 

In contrast to CHEC-II(1996) where only rings which have relatively strong cr-bonds between adjacent atoms were reviewed, syntheses of heterocyclic complexes are also be described in this chapter. The chemistry of such chelates or coordination compounds is very interesting as the carbon-metal bond is labile and subject to various reactions such as insertion, protonation, or substitution. However, even though the synthesis of these intramolecular complexes is described in Section 4.19.9, their physical properties are not reported in this chapter. As the cyclic complex is in equilibrium with its open-chain form, the structural properties of such compounds may not be indicative of the heterocycle ring at all. 

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