Carbon-ceramic composite

FIGURE 29 SEM images of carbon ceramic composites made from (A) sucrose (Cord-SUC) (B) polyfurfuryl alcohol (Cord-PFA) (C) carbon nanofibers (Cord-CNF). 

Inagaki M, Research and development on carbon/ceramic composites in Japan, Carbon, 29, 287, 1991. 

Tennison, S.R., Amott, K., Richter, H., 2007. Carbon ceramic composite membranes for catalytic membrane reactor applications. Kinetics and Catalysis 48, 864-876. 

Development of highly durable catalyst supports, such as carbon with more graphitic components, ceramic, and carbon-ceramic composite materials, which could survive in a high-temperature enviromnent. 

Amperometric detection has been widely used for sol-gel biosensing and many devices have been described (Lev, 1997 Wang, 1999 CoUinson, 2000 Przybyt, 2002). These methods are very convenient, but silica is not electronically conductive (Willner, 2000). Therefore carbon-ceramic composite electrodes (CCE) in which an enzyme-loaded carbon powder is mixed to the sol-gel solution have been developed (Gun, 1996 Sampath, 1996a Wang, 1997). 

Carbon-ceramic composite electrodes (CCEs) and the closely related metal-sihcate electrodes are comprised of carbon or metal dispersion in sol-gel derived silicates or Or-mocers. In this construction the silicate serves as a porous binder for the conductive dispersion. The conductive component is added as powders, nanoparticles, or nanotubes whose particle size ranges between sub-millimeter and a few nanometers. The initial intention was to provide improved conductivity by the interconnected conductive powder, but soon, other favorable attributes of the metal-sihcate hybrids were discovered, including improved catalytic reactivity, biological compatibility, and control of the thickness of the wetted section of the electrodes in aqueous electrolyte. Since the metal silicate and graphite silicate call for different preparation protocols they are addressed separately. 

Figure 16-8. Scheme of a 3-electrode fuel cell with details of the hydrophobic carbon ceramic composite electrode. The inserts show unwetted (left) and flooded (middle) sections of the CCE. The active section of a wetted channels electrode is shown in the right insert (after Rabinovich and Lev, 2001). 

Wang, P, and G. Y. Zhu, 2002. Cupric hexacyanoferrate nanoparticle modified carbon ceramic composite electrodes. Chinese J Chem 20 374—80. 

Many different compounds have been used as electron mediators for hydrazine electrooxidation, including catechin film [10], hydroquinone salophen derivatives [11], nickel hexacyanoferrate [12], zinc pentacyanonitrosylferrate film [13], nickel pentacyanonitrosulferrate film-modified aluminum [14], hybrid hexacyanoferrates of copper and cobalt films [15], carbon nanotubes [16], pyrogallol red [17], DNA [18], chlorogenic acid/carbon ceramic composite [19], and N4 metallomacrocyclic compounds (MN4) [20-24]. 

Salami A, Hallaj T (2004) Adsorption and reactivity of chlorogenic acid at a hydrophobic carbon ceramic composite electrode application for the amperometric detection of hydrazine. Electroanalysis 16 1964—1971... 

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