Carbon capture high performance

CCI4 = carbon tetrachloride EC = electrochemical detection ECD = electron capture detection GC = gas chromatography HCl = hydrogen chloride HPLC = high-performance liquid... 

McNally and Wheeler [364] used supercritical fluid extraction coupled to supercritical fluid chromatography to determine sulfonylurea herbicides in soil. Klatterback et al. [365,366] used supercritical fluid extraction with methanol-modified carbon dioxide followed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection to determine sulfonylurea herbicides obtained on a Cis solid-phase extraction disc. Alternatively the determination was carried out by gas chromatography of the dimethyl derivatives of the sulfonylurea herbicides, employing an electron capture or a NP detector on the gas chromatograph. 

The development of membrane materials for CO2 capture from flue gas has received much attention during the last decade, clearly as a function of the concern about climate change and the need for carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Many papers have been published (here only a few are being referred to [10,188-191]), but the major challenges for this membrane application are durability of the material over time, as there will be exposure to SO and NO, and very high separation performance needed (flux and selectivity) in order to decrease the needed membrane area for the huge volume gas streams. Very few pilots have been tested around the world only two are mentioned here (i.e., from MTR and NTNU). The number of pilots is expected to increase over the next few years. 

Estevez, L., R. Dua, N. Bhandari, A. Ramanujapuram, R Wang, and E. R Giannelis. 2013. A facile approach for the synthesis of monolithic hierarchical porous carbons— High performance materials for amine based CO2 capture and supercapacitor electrode. Energy Environmental Science 6 1785-1790. 

The synthesis of monolithic carbons generally relies on the means including sol-gel method and self-assembly approach [25, 26]. In recent years, much efforts have been devoted to create new types of carbon monoliths with enhanced functions, which are developing new polymerization systans (solvents and/or precursors), precise pore engineering toward mnltimodal porosities, and targeted surface/ bulk functionalization for a high performance in CO2 capture [27-30]. 

Besides graphene sheets tested as CO2 capture materials, the introduction of other active sites onto graphene sheets for high-performance CO2 sorbents was also extensively investigated recently [140-142]. For example, PPy functionalized graphene sheets are employed to fabricate N-doped porous carbons via chemical activation [143]. This type of material shows selective adsorption of CO2 (4.3 mmol g ) over N2 (0.27 mmol g ) at 25 °C. Similarly, the highest CO2 uptake (75 mmol g ) at 11 bar and 25 °C over polyaniline-graphene nanocomposites were reported by Mishra and Ramaprabhu [144]. 

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