Carbohydrates formation

Of all the monosaccharides d (+) glucose is the best known most important and most abundant Its formation from carbon dioxide water and sunlight is the central theme of photosynthesis Carbohydrate formation by photosynthesis is estimated to be on the order of 10 tons per year a source of stored energy utilized directly or indi rectly by all higher forms of life on the planet Glucose was isolated from raisins m 1747 and by hydrolysis of starch m 1811 Its structure was determined in work culmi nating m 1900 by Emil Fischer... 

Most of the perfusion studies have been carried out on the isolated liver since it is in this organ that the change of fat to carbohydrate presumably takes place. On the basis of some of these studies, carbohydrate formation from fat has been postulated.161-166 In such cases more carbohydrate has been present at the end of the perfusion experiment than could be accounted for on the basis of known carbohydrate precursors. In several cases, a decrease in the fat content of the liver was accompanied by a concomitant increase in carbohydrate. However, Gregg166 has been... 

Glucose for complex carbohydrate formation (e.g. glycans, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans. Appendix 6.2). 

Because carbohydrates are so frequently used as substrates in kinetic studies of enzymes and metabolic pathways, we refer the reader to the following topics in Ro-byt s excellent account of chemical reactions used to modify carbohydrates formation of carbohydrate esters, pp. 77-81 sulfonic acid esters, pp. 81-83 ethers [methyl, p. 83 trityl, pp. 83-84 benzyl, pp. 84-85 trialkyl silyl, p. 85] acetals and ketals, pp. 85-92 modifications at C-1 [reduction of aldehydes and ketones, pp. 92-93 reduction of thioacetals, p. 93 oxidation, pp. 93-94 chain elongation, pp. 94-98 chain length reduction, pp. 98-99 substitution at the reducing carbon atom, pp. 99-103 formation of gycosides, pp. 103-105 formation of glycosidic linkages between monosaccharide residues, 105-108] modifications at C-2, pp. 108-113 modifications at C-3, pp. 113-120 modifications at C-4, pp. 121-124 modifications at C-5, pp. 125-128 modifications at C-6 in hexopy-ranoses, pp. 128-134. 

Strepkov, S.M., Carbohydrate formation in the vegetative parts of Helianthus tuberosus, Biokhimiya, 25, 219-226, 1960a. 

Kumar R, Yang J, Larsen RD, Stanley P. Qoning and expression 46. of A -acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1, the medial Golgi transferase that initiates complex Al-Unked carbohydrate formation. 47. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1990 87 9948-9952. 

Gerich, 1, Raymond, M., Rizza, R., Verdonk, C. Miles, J. (1981) Hormonal and substrate determinants of hepatic glucose production in man. In The regulation of carbohydrate formation and utilization in mammals, (C. Veneziale), University Park Press, Baltimore, 419-45. 

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