Carbohydrates empirical formula

Cellulose and starch are macromolecules with empirical formulas that resemble hydrated carbon, CX (H2 0)y, where x and y are integers. The monomers from which these macromolecules are consfructed are sugars such as glucose and fructose. These monomers and macromolecules are the carbohydrates. Structurally, carbohydrates are very different from simple combinations of carbon and water. Even the smallest carbohydrates contain carbon chains with hydrogen atoms, OH groups, and occasional ether linkages. 

For anabolic reactions, which result in the production of new cells, it is important to know the approximate chemical composition of the biomass. The bacterial protoplasm comprises 75 to 80% water. The solid material is composed of several complex organic molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and DNA. The mean composition of these molecules can be approximated by a relatively simple empirical formula, C60H87O23N12P, or in an even more simple form as C5H7O2N10.Numerous other elements such as sulfur, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,... 

Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis. Many, but not all, carbohydrates have the empirical formula (C1I20) some also contain nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur. 

Determination of an Empirical Formula An unknown substance containing only C, H, and O was isolated from goose liver. A 0.423 g sample produced 0.620 g of C02 and 0.254 g of H20 after complete combustion in excess oxygen. Is the empirical formula of this substance consistent with its being a carbohydrate Explain. 

The basic carbohydrate molecules are simple sugars, or monosaccharides, which are polyhydroxy aldehyde, polyhydroxy ketone, and their derivatives. All simple monosaccharides have the general empirical formula, (CH20)n, where n is the whole number ranging 3 to 8. 

Wood is part of an array of plant matter referred to as biomass that can be burned to produce energy. The combustible substances in biomass are primarily carbohydrates (and of these, primarily cellulose). Cellulose, whose simplest or empirical formula is CH20, undergoes combustion to form carbon dioxide and water. 

The term carbohydrate arose because most sugars have molecular formulas Cffi(H20),n, suggesting that carbon atoms are combined in some way with water. In fact, the empirical formula of most simple sugars is C(H20). Chemists named these compounds hydrates of carbon or carbohydrates because of these molecular formulas. Our modern definition of carbohydrates includes polyhydroxyaldehydes, poly-hydroxyketones, and compounds that are easily hydrolyzed to them. 

Three classifications of food are proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Many carbohydrates have the empirical formula CH2O. This empirical formula looks like a hydrate of carbon, hence the name "carbohydrate."... 

Carbohydrates are the most abundant of all organic compounds in the biosphere. Many members of the carbohydrate class have the empirical formula Cx(H20)y, and are literally hydrates of carbon. The fundamental units of the carbohydrate class, the monosaccharides, are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones and certain of their derivatives. As with other classes of biologically important compounds, much of the function of the carbohydrates derives from the ability of the monosaccharides to combine, with loss of water, to form polymers oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. The chemistry of carbohydrates is, at its core, the chemistry of carbonyl and hydroxyl functional groups, but these functional groups, when found in the same compound, sometimes exhibit atypical properties. The discussion that follows is designed to review the aspects of carbohydrate chemistry that are especially important for isolation, analysis, and structure determination of biologically important carbohydrates. 

Empirical Formulas Ionic compounds form lattices that have an almost endless number of ions bonded together. Because it is impossible to count every ion in a sample, the lowest ratio of the elements present in the compound is used. A great example of this is NaCl. In every sample of NaCl there is one sodium ion to every chlorine ion. This does not mean that empirical formulas are limited to only ionic compounds. For example, if you examine the empirical formula of glucose C6H 206 and see that it is CH20, then you can better understand the term carbohydrate to mean hydrated carbon. ... 

A certain carbohydrate (a compound containing carbon plus hydrogen and oxygen in a 2 1 atom ratio) is 40.0% carbon. Calculate its empirical formula. 

Carbohydrates form another class of biologically important molecules. They serve as a food source for most organisms and as a structural material for plants. Because many carbohydrates have the empirical formula CH2O, it was originally believed that these substances were hydrates of carbon, thus accounting for the name. 

Monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates, are aldehydes or ketones that have two or more hydroxyl groups the empirical formula of many is (C-H20) , literally a "carbon hydrate." Monosaccharides are important fuel molecules as well as building blocks for nucleic acids. The smallest monosaccharides, for which n = 3, are dihydroxyacetone and eland 1-glyceraldehyde. 

Poly-saccharoses not True Sugars.—(II ) The second-sub-class of poly-saccharoses consists of those carbohydrates which are not true sugars. This group is represented by such substances as starch, dextrin and cellulose. The group is usually known by the simple name, poly-saccharoses, as the specific names, di-saccharoses and trisaccharoses, are used for the members of the first subclass. We do not know how many molecules of mono-saccharoses are obtained from one molecule of these poly-saccharoses, because we do not know the molecular weight of the compounds. They are represented by the empirical formula (CfiHioOs), and their hydrolysis may be represented as follows ... 

In the 19th century, several naturally occurring carbohydrates were known, such as glucose (then called dextrose), fructose (then called levulose), mannose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, starch, and cellulose. Some of these had been known for thousands of years, for example, sucrose, starch, and cellulose. Also in the 19th century, the empirical formula for all of these materials was found to be C (H20) and they were originally thought to be hydrates of carbon, hence the name carbohydrates. 

Often have the empirical formula CH2O (hence the name carbohydrates)... 

Carbohydrates were originally regarded as hydrates of carbon because the empirical formula of many of them is (CH20)n. 

The elementary composition of pure, dry, ash-free cellulose is carbon 44 2, hydrogen 6 3, oxygen 4<> 5 ]>er cent., corresponding to the empirical formula V llio<>6, < tints accords with the constitution characteristic of the carbohydrates in wliieh the hydrogen aud oxygen are present ill the same ratio as in water. 

Monosaccharides (also known as simple sugars) form the building blocks of carbohydrates. The empirical formula for simple sugars is CH2O. The name carbohydrate is derived from "hydrate of carbon" based on this formula. The names of monosaccharides use the suffix -ose. A monosaccharide contains multiple hydroxyl groups and may be an aldose or a ketose depending on whether it contains an aldehyde or a ketone group. 

Historically, carbohydrates were defined as substances with the empirical formula Cn(H20)ni. The common sugars such as glucose and fructose (n = m = 6), or sucrose (n=12, m=ll) fit this formula, but nowadays the convention is to regard as a carbohydrate a polyhydroxyaldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone with the classical formula, a molecule closely related to it, or oligomers or polymers of such molecules. Their study evolved as a separate sub-discipline within organic chemistry for practical reasons - they are water-soluble and difficult to crystallise - so that their manipulation demanded different sets of skills from classical natural products such as terpenes, steroids, alkaloids, etc. 

The empirical formula of the most of carbohydrates is CH20 and the general formula is Cn(H20)m. Here, n=m or n m. For this reason, carbohydrates may be thought of as hydrated carbons (hence the name), though they do not contain actual water molecules. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate molecule is 2 1, as it is in water. 

Carbohydrates are a class of naturally occurring polyhydroxylated aldehydes and ketones, which are commonly called sugars. Many, but not all, sugars have the empirical formula C,(H,0)v. 

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