Carbohydrases effect

Johnston PS, Coniff RF, Hoogwerf BJ, Santiago JV, Pi-Sunyer FX, Krol A. Effects of the carbohydrase inhibitor miglitol in sulfonylurea-treated NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care 1994 17(l) 20-9. 

Meng, X. B.A. Slominski C.M. Nyachoti L.G. Campbell W. Guenter. Degradation of cell wall polysaccharides by combinations of carbohydrase enzymes and their effect on nutrient utilization and broiler chicken performance. Poultry Sci. 2005, 84, 37-47. 

Exogenous enzymes are those that are added by the brewer rather than those that occur naturally from the malted cereals and yeast. Enzymes are available that exhibit proteolytic, cytolytic (plant cell wall material) and carbohydrase activity. Cost-effective enzyme preparations are not in general pure enzymes, however, a blend is often an advantage, enabling more than one activity to occur. 

Heparins and heparinoids form complexes with proteins and bases, and as shown by the ability to produce metachromasia with submicro quantities are very effective complexing agents in trace amounts. Hence, these substances in trace amounts affect many biological agents such as enzymes, etc. When heparin or a heparinoid is injected in animal or man, an enzyme appears in the blood plasma, lipoprotein lipase. When an oil emulsion is incubated with varying amounts of blood plasma obtained after injection of heparin, the oil is cleared. The heparin has caused the release of this enzyme from tissues to the blood. Heparin and heparinoids have a pronounced action on many enzymes - proteolytic enzymes, carbohydrases, etc. and may inhibit, activate. 

From an industrial perspective, the use of carbohydrate-active enzymes as cost effective, selective catalysts of biomass hydrolysis has been growing steadily over the last century (5). In particular, carbohydrases play key roles in the starch processing, animal feed, textile, and pulp and paper industries (5-7) (Table 1). The observation that enzymatic starch processing alone accounted for nearly 10% of the U.S. 1.4 billion enzyme market (1998 values) further underscores the importance of these catalysts (6). The use of (hemi)cellulose-degrading enzymes to saccharify biomass as a precursor to biofuels production and other bioreflnery purposes are of particular contemporary interest in the quest to reduce fossil fuel dependence (5,8,9). 

McManus 68) found that pretreatment of tissue sections with crude fungal pectinase prevented the coloration of various tissue carbohydrates by the periodic acid - Schiff reaction. Prior acetylation of tissue sections prevented this effect of pectinase. Blockage of pectinase action by acetylation was reversible if saponification was performed before the enzyme treatment. There will undoubtedly be wider histochemical use of pectinases and the many other carbohydrases (see Chapters X and XII) as purer preparations and further knowledge of their indications and limitations are obtained. 

The role of enzymes in oil extraction from oilseeds is to hydrolyze the structural components of plant cells and facihtate the release of oil. Hence, enzyme selection depends on the composition of the cell wall and membrane that encapsulates oil bodies and the cytoplasmic network where oil bodies are imbedded in the oilseed. Carbohydrases such as cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase and protease are effective in breaking up the cell... 

---