Captive requirements

All US producers of phthalic anhydride use orf/zo-xylene as their feedstock. Most US producers have captive requirements however, Koppers in Cicero, IL, sells mostly to the merchant market. Over half of all phthalic anhydride produced in the United States is sold on the merchant market. 

A small amount of particleboard is made with a fire-retardant treatment for use in locations where codes require this material, as in some offices and elevators. Particleboards receive overlay and finishing treatments with ease. Wood veneers, melamine overlays, printed paper overlays, vinyl overlays, foils, and direct grain printing can all be done quite simply. A small amount of particleboard is also made in the form of shaped, molded articles such as furniture parts, paper roU plugs, bmsh bases, and even toilet seats. There is another small increment of particleboard made by the extmsion process. These products are made in small captive operations owned by furniture manufacturers which consume all of this production in their furniture. The extmsion process differs from conventional flat-pressed particleboard in that the wood furnish is forced between two stationary heated surfaces. The mats are formed from one edge and this edge is alternately formed and pushed between the heated platens, which are maintained at a distance equal to the thickness of board produced. This is an old, slow, small-scale process, but is stiU in use in at least one location. 

In the United States, CNG s initial use is in captive, centrally refueled fleets which require limited range, such as deHvery vans, taxis, or school buses. Such vehicle fleets can afford the capital cost of refueling equipment and can tolerate the slightly longer refueling times. Many utiHty companies, such as Brooklyn Union Gas (New York), have purchased CNG vehicles as a way of encouraging the development of this fuel. AH three domestic automobile manufacturers offer CNG vehicles for sale. 

Combustion of Sulfur. For most chemical process appHcations requiring sulfur dioxide gas or sulfurous acid, sulfur dioxide is prepared by the burning of sulfur or pyrite [1309-36-0], FeS2. A variety of sulfur and pyrite burners have been developed for sulfuric acid and for the pulp (qv) and paper (qv) iadustries, which produce and immediately consume about 90% of the captive sulfur dioxide produced ia the United States. Information on the European sulfur-to-sulfuric acid technology (with emphasis on Lurgi) is available (255). 

P-Pinene Manufacture. p-Pinene is obtained by fractionation of turpentine. The price of p-pinene, min 97%, was 5.28/kg in 1995 and that quahty is used mosdy in flavor and perfumery appUcations (45). Most of the P-pinene produced by the turpentine fractionators is used captively for producing fragrance chemicals or for P-pinene resins. P-Pinene is shipped in tank cars, tank wagons, deck tanks, and lined dmms. Prolonged storage requires conditions precluding autooxidation and polymerization. 

Since the starting inrush current is kept moderate for all types of drives, it can economize not only on ratings of the switchgears and cables but also on the size of the generator when a captive power is required to feed the load. 

It is common practice to provide a standby emergency source of supply at all important installations such as large factories, railways, airports and other essential services. This is usually achieved with the use of a captive diesel generator (DG) set (Figure 16.1). Here we briefly discuss these machines, their characteristics and selection for a required application. We also consider schemes that are commonly used to start a DG set and run it individually or in parallel with an existing source of supply, which may be another DG set or an infinite bus. 

For small power houses, which may be captive and small switchyards or sub-stations, receiving and distributing currents to industrial or domestic loads, such an elaborate design is not required and simple grounding stations as discussed in Section 22.1 will be sufficient. 

Most of the byproduct HCl is used captively, primarily in oxyhydrochlorination processes for making vinyl chloride and chlorinated solvents or for Mg processing (p, 110), The scale of the industry is enormous for example, 5,2 million tonnes of HCl per annum in the US alone (1993), HCl gas for industrial use can be transmitted without difficult over moderate distances in mild-steel piping or in tank cars or trailers. It is also available in cylinders of varying size down to laboratory scale lecture bottles containing 225 g. Aqueous hydrochloric acid consumption (1993) was 1,57 Mt (100% basis). Price for anhydrous HCl is 330/tonne and for 31,4% aqueous acid 73/tonne (1993) depending on plant location and amount required. 

The notion that molecules at a surface are in a two-dimensional state of matter is reminiscent of E. A. Abbott s science fiction classic, Flatland.Perusal of this book for quotations suitable for Chapters 6, 7, and 8 revealed other parallels also the color revolt and light scattering, "Attend to Your Configuration" and the shape of polymer molecules, and so on. Eventually, the objective of beginning each chapter with a quote from Flatland replaced the requirement that the passage cited have some actual connection with the contents of the chapter. As it ends up, the quotes are merely for fun Perhaps those who are not captivated by colloids and surfaces will at least enjoy this glimpse of Flatland. 

There are approximately 13,000 job and captive metal finishing shops and printed board shops in the USA. Almost all of these companies have installed waste water treatment systems to comply with the Clean Water Act (CWA). As a result, these companies generate toxic metal sludges which are regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Compliance with these two Federal laws, in addition to laws passed by local, county and state regulatory agencies, can require industry to spend 10 to 15% of their sales dollar on compliance. 

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