Hybrid Super-Capacitors

Almost all the major automobile manufacturers around the world are developing fuel cell powered vehicles the bulk of it being passenger cars. These development ranges from fuel cell-battery to pure fuel cell to fuel cell-super capacitor hybrid, fuel cell-ICE hybrid drive systems. 

Chandrasekaran R, Sikha G, Popov BN (2005) Capacity fade analysis of a battery/super capacitor hybrid and a battery under pulse loads - full cell studies. J Appl Electrochem 35 1005-1013... 

Super capacitors and flywheels, as high power storage systems, can be used in a wide range of hybrid vehicles, combined with one or more power energy devices. 

First, a straight fuel cell power train is advocated and, secondly, an electric hybrid power train, combining a fuel cell system and an electric energy storage device such as a super capacitor or a battery is proposed (see Fig. 8.14). The advantage of the straight set-up is its simpler structure, however in this concept the fuel cell system... 

Fig. 8.15 (A) Schematic of concept car NECAR 4 representing a fuel cell vehicle with a PEM system operated with liquid H2, ([22]) (B) Passenger car with hybrid fuel cell and super capacitor power train [28],...

Kumar, R., H. J. Kim, S. Park, A. Srivastava, and I. K. Oh. 2014. Graphene-wrapped and cobalt oxide-intercalated hybrid for extremely durable super-capacitor with ultrahigh... 

N. Omar, M. A1 Sakka, M. Daowd, Th. Coosemans, J. Van Mierlo, P. Van den Bossche, Assessment of behavior of Active EDLC-Battery system in Heavy Hybrid Charge Depleting Vehicles, ESSCAP International European Symposium on Super Capacitors Applications, Bordeaux (France), 2010. 

Hybrid capacitor Redox reaction Faradaic Super capacitor... 

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors with activated carbon electrodes are commercially available from several companies. In the case of hybrid capacitors, lithium-ion capacitors which consist of the anode of a lithium-ion battery and a cathode of activated carbon are commercially available, as mentioned above. These super capacitors show great promise as next generation power sources for electric devices and electric vehicles. More innovation is needed before pseudo capacitors are suitable for commercialization. 

Electrochemical Characterization of an sp2 — sp3 Composite as a Hybrid Anode for Li-ion Batteries and Super Capacitors... 

Generation of functions as the hybrid anode of a Li-ion battery and a super capacitor... 

E. Buiel, Development of lead-carbon hybrid battery/super capacitors. Proceedings of Advanced Capacitor World Summit, July 17-19,2006, San Diego, CA. 

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