Canal lighting

Nadareishvili L.I. / Obtaining of multi-canal light-focusing matrix by diffusion-copolymerization of monomers // Proceedings of the academy of sciences of Georgia. Chemical Series. 2000, vol. 26, No 3-4, pp. 157-161 [In Georgian]. 

Viscosity, defined as the resistance of a liquid to flow under an applied stress, is not only a property of bulk liquids but of interfacial systems as well. The viscosity of an insoluble monolayer in a fluid-like state may be measured quantitatively by the viscous traction method (Manheimer and Schechter, 1970), wave-damping (Langmuir and Schaefer, 1937), dynamic light scattering (Sauer et al, 1988) or surface canal viscometry (Harkins and Kirkwood, 1938 Washburn and Wakeham, 1938). Of these, the last is the most sensitive and experimentally feasible, and allows for the determination of Newtonian versus non-Newtonian shear flow. 

The light from a radiating hydrogen atom in the canal rays at reduced pressures, is partially polarized and with the electric vector of the stronger component parallel to the bundle. 

The city slept. Rain roared on thefelze and painted golden haloes around the lantern on our prow and the little shrine lights that mark the comers of the canals. We passed no other boats and the only illuminated windows told of people sick, or dying, or giving birth. Oars creaked, ripples splashed sometimes, and one of the guards had a worrisome cough, but otherwise I could brood undisturbed. 

It was once an important industrial chemical used directly as an agricultural fumigant and as an intermediate in the manufacture of insecticides. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene and still bottoms from its manufacture are found in hazardous waste chemical sites, and large quantities were disposed at the Love Canal site. The pure compound is a light yellow liquid (fp, 11°C bp, 239°C) with a density of 1.7 g/cm3 and a pungent, somewhat musty odor. With two double bonds, it is a very reactive compound and readily undergoes substitution and addition reactions. Its photolytic degradation yields water-soluble products. 

Fig. 1-2. Transverse section of xylem and phloem of red spruce (P/cea rubens). CZ, cambial zone DP, differentiating phloem MP, mature phloem with sieve cells (sc) and tannin cells (tc) DX, differentiating xylem with ray cells and tracheids (tr) MX, mature xylem, earlywood (EW) with resin canals (rc), lined with epithelial cells (ec) LW, latewood. Note that each ray continuous from the xylem, through the cambial zone, and into the phloem. Light micrograph by L. W. Rees. Courtesy of Dr. T. E. Timell.

Early observations of Mars by Giovanni Schiaparelli showed the existence of what Schiaparelli called canali, meaning channels. The existence of somewhat linear, light and dark channel-like features on Mars is affirmed by many other scientists, but the Italian word canali quickly acquired its popular and inaccurate meaning canals. Water can cut a channel, but only intelligent life can buUd a canal. 

Love Canal also contributed strongly to the development of risk assessment methodologies since the Superfund Act required that determinations of clean-up levels be made based on a scientific assessment of data on the toxicity of contaminants found at the hazardous waste sites and the potential for exposure to those contaminants. In light of the limitations in available knowledge, new approaches had to be devised to answer the question of how clean is clean The methodology that was adopted married scientific data to value judgments about acceptable risk and margins of safety. This approach remains in use. 

Fig. 3. Images of adjacent cryostat slices of unfixed caudal brainstem at the level of the area postrema after LCM removal of area-equivalent tissue. The areas sampled by LCM are seen as circular light patches, one in the center above the central canal and two laterally (hypoglossal nucleus). Prior to LCM, each slice (mounted on a slide) was fixed for 2 min in a different concentration of ethanol or methanol, (a) 100% methanol, (b) 70% methanol, (c) 100% ethanol, (d) 70% ethanol. The tissue from pooled replicates by each fixation was processed for GAPDH mRNA levels by real time quantitative PCR. The differences in background intensity reflect the actual differences in background brightness from the different treatments. Scale bar=200 pm.

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