Calcium imbalance

Inhalation of appreciable amounts of cresol vapor is unlikely under normal conditions because of the low vapor pressure however, hazardous concentrations may be generated at elevated temperatures. Seven workers exposed to cresol vapor at unspecified concentrations for 1.5-3 years had headaches, which were frequently accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Four of the workers also had elevated blood pressure, signs of impaired kidney function, blood calcium imbalance, and marked tremors. Eight of ten subjects exposed to 1.4 ppm o-cresol vapor experienced upper respiratory tract irritation. ... 

Franceschini D., Giusti P., and Skaper S. D. (2006). MEK inhibition exacerbates ischemic calcium imbalance and neuronal cell death in rat cortical cultures. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 553 18-27. 

It is imperative that consideration be given to multiple variables when attempting to determine the specific calcium imbalance and the underlying cause. 

Appropriate treatment can be iititiated only if proper identification of the cause of the calcium imbalance occurs. 

The impact of potassium, sodium, or calcium imbalance must be assessed carefully based on the patient s baseline muscle strength and neuromuscular... 

Treatment for high blood pressme could include calcium blockers, which require the nurse to monitor for calcium imbalance. 

Among the most studied mechanisms of sulfur mustard toxicity are thiol depletion, resulting in intracellular calcium imbalance and subsequent cell death alkylation of DNA and other cellular macromolecules lipid peroxidation resulting from sulfur mustard-induced gluthathione depletion and induction of an inflammatory response. The overall mechanism of sulfur mustard toxicity likely involves an interlinking of the aforementioned processes which are briefly described below. 

In men, administration of an androgen may result in breast enlargement (gynecomastia), testicular atrophy, inhibition of testicular function, impotence, enlargement of the penis, nausea, jaundice, headache, anxiety, male pattern baldness, acne, and depression. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, which include sodium, water, chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate retention, may also be seen. 

The majority of the aforementioned capsules were either not sufficiently mechanically stable or suffered from other surface or matrix related deficiencies. These deficiencies include poor morphology, such as capsule sphericity and surface smoothness, which result from an osmolar imbalance. Membranes are also often leaky (an internal polymer slowly diffuses out through the capsule wall) or shrink in either PBS or in culture media over a period of a few hours. Exceptionally, some capsules are observed to swell excessively and burst. Furthermore, some complex membranes, although stable in water, dissolve over several days upon a contact with culture media. This is true for pectin based capsules (pectin/calcium salt) and for alginate-chitosan membranes and maybe a consequence of the polycation substitution by electrolytes present in the media [10]. In order to improve the existing binary capsules several approaches, both traditional and novel, have been considered and tested herein. These are discussed in the following sections. 

Seizure initiation is likely caused by an imbalance between excitatory (e.g., glutamate, calcium, sodium, substance P, and neurokinin B) neurotransmission and inhibitory (y-aminobutyric acid, adenosine, potassium, neuropeptide Y, opioid peptides, and galanin) neurotransmission. 

Mineral and electrolyte imbalances Foscarnet has been associated with changes in serum electrolytes including hypocalcemia (15%), hypophosphatemia (8%) and hyperphosphatemia (6%), hypomagnesemia (15%), and hypokalemia (16%). Foscarnet is associated with a transient, dose-related decrease in ionized serum calcium, which may not be reflected in total serum calcium. 

Aseptic meningitis syndrome-The incidence of this syndrome was 6%. Fever, headache, meningismus, and photophobia were the most commonly reported symptoms a combination of these 4 symptoms occurred in 5% of patients. Headache - Headache is frequently seen after any of the first few doses and may occur in any of the aforementioned neurologic syndromes or by itself. Seizures - Seizures, some accompanied by loss of consciousness or cardiorespiratory arrest, or death, have occurred independently or in conjunction with any of the neurologic syndromes described below. Patients predisposed to seizures may include those with the following conditions Acute tubular necrosis/uremia fever infection a precipitous fall in serum calcium fluid overload hypertension hypoglycemia, history of seizures and electrolyte imbalances those who are taking a medication concomitantly that may, by itself, cause seizures. 

Fig. 4. Schematic presentation of the mechanism of calcium antagonists with respect to their beneficial effect in angina pectoris. The final result is an improvement of the imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply. TPR = total peripheral resistance HR = heart rate.

Musculoskeletal Effects. Histological examination of tissues from the musculoskeletal system of rats and mice exposed to 2,3-benzofuran by gavage for up to 2 years showed a compound-related increase in bone degeneration (fibrous osteodystrophy) in chronically-exposed male rats (NTP 1989). The observed increase in bone degeneration, which was not statistically significant at doses of either 30 or 60 mg/kg/day, was not considered a direct effect of 2,3-benzofuran exposure, but as secondary to calcium and phosphate imbalance due to increased severity of nephropathy in male rats caused by... 

An imbalance of excitatory amino acids and of calcium homeostasis or both have been implied in the etiopathogenesis of a large number of neuropsychiatric illnesses including senile AD. Glutamate is an excitatory amino acid of the... 

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