Calcium chloride characteristics

Docusate Calcium. Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate [128-49-4] (calcium salt of l,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester butanedioic acid) (11) is a white amorphous soHd having the characteristic odor of octyl alcohol. It is very slightly soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400, and com oil. It may be prepared directly from dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate dissolved in 2-propanol, by reaction with a methan olic solution of calcium chloride. 

Food. Food-grade calcium chloride is used in cheese making to aid in rennet coagulation and to replace calcium lost in pasteurization. In the canning iadustry it is used to firm the skin of fmit such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and jalapenos. It acts as a control in many flocculation, coagulation systems (37). Food-grade calcium chloride is used in the brewing iadustry both to control the mineral salt characteristics of the water and as a basic component of certain beers (see Beer). 

The more highly complexed hydrates of calcium chloride (CaCl2 nH2 O where n > 2) may also exhibit the characteristics of a Class 2 dryiag agent, because the hydrated species can physically absorb additional water to form a saturated solution. The term absorption is used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when a gas or vapor penetrates the soHd stmcture to produce a saturated solution ... 

The drying shrinkage of concrete containing calcium chloride is increased in comparison to plain concrete, even though the amount of moisture lost is less [22]. This is illustrated in Fig. 5.37 and it is thought that the reduced moisture loss will be due to the more advanced state of hydration in the specimens containing calcium chloride. The increased shrinkage must, therefore, be a characteristic of the type of cement hydration products formed. Under saturated conditions, such as total water immersion, the amount of expansion of the concrete is reduced when calcium chloride is present. 

For inhalation treatment of respiratory diseases, a pharmaceutical DNase I aerosol is on the market. Pulmozyme is a sterile solution for respiratory use at a concentration of 1000 Genentech Units/mL [22]. It contains 1 mg/mL rhDNase, sodium chloride as a tonicity modifier, calcium chloride as a stabilizer, and water for injection. Since deamidation is rapid at high pH and aggregation occurs at low pH, a nearly neutral solution (pH 6.3) is required. It is administered by means of a compressed air-driven nebulizer. Each 2.5-mL single-unit ampule will deliver 2.5 mg of rhDNase to the nebulizer chamber. The efficacy of DNase inhalation therapy largely depends on the aerosol quality and characteristics, which determine the respirable fraction. Significant differences were found between the different aerosol drug-delivery systems [68,81]. 

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