Calcitonin biological effects

Giuliani, S. etal. (1992) Involvement of multiple receptors in the biological effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide and amylin in rat and guinea-pig preparations. Br. J. Pharmacol.. 107. 510-514. 

Boron is an essential element for plants. Whether it is essential for animals has not yet been unequivocally confirmed. Nevertheless, the biological effects of some compounds of boron are known. Boron has an impact on the effect of parathormone (also known as PTH or parathyrin), a hormone secreted by parathyroid glands, which increases blood levels of caldum by its mobilisation from bones (the antagonist of parathormone is calcitonin) and... 

This historical process (although greatly accelerated) has to be repeated for every newly discovered hormone (calcitonin, for instanceX toxin (tetrodotoxin) or growth factor. In any case, it is often necessary to prove that well-known substances which one titrates by a chemical or physical technique, have characteristic biological effects. 

The biological actions of capsaicin are primarily attributable to release of the neuropeptide substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and neurokinin A from sensory neurons. These transmitters from primary sensory neurons communicate witir other cell types. They produce alterations in the airway mucosa and neurogenic inflammation of the respiratory epithelium, airway blood vessels, glands, and smooth muscle. Alterations in multiple effector organs lead to bronchoconstriction, increased vascular permeability, edema of the tracheobronchial mucosa, elevated mucosal secretion, and neutrophil chemotaxis (Tominack and Spyker, 1987). Capsaicin-induced effects of bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and plasma protein extravasation are mediated by substance P. In addition, substance P can cause bronchoconstriction through stimulation of c-fibers in pulmonary and bronchial circulation. 

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