Caddis flies

According to Fig. 2, one of the steps in chain formation with propanoate will result in the formation of an a-methyl-P-ketoacyl moiety A, which, similarly to an acetogenin (Fig. 1), may be converted to the acid precursor D, via reduction to B and dehydration to C, followed by hydrogenation. Alternatively, after another two cycles, decarboxylation would provide an ethyl ketone like 4,6-dimethylnonan-3-one, III, a component of the pheromone bouquet of caddis flies, Potamophylax spp. [43]. 

Koshte, V. L., Kagan, S. L., and Aalberse, R. C. (1989). Cross-reactivity of IgE antibodies to caddis fly with arthropoda and mollusca. /. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 84,174 183. 

Heptanal (hi9), emitted by the bug T. infestans during courtship and copula, attracted female conspecifics.191 (2 ,4Z)-2,4-Heptadienal (A80) and the respective alcohol A81 are produced by males of the leaf beetle Diorhabda elongata and are attractive to both sexes.379 (f )-2-Heptanol (A12) is a female sex pheromone component of the caddis fly Molanna angustata,380... 

Drysdale, R.N. (1999) The sedimentological significance of hydropsychid caddis-fly larvae (Order Trichoptera) in a travertine-depositing stream Louie Creek, Northwest Queensland, Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Research A69, 145— 150. 

Drysdale, R.N., Carthew, K.D. Taylor, M.P. (2003) Larval caddis-fly nets and retreats A unique biosedimentary paleocurrent indicator for fossil tufa deposits. Sedimentary Geology 161, 207-215. 

A single example is given to illustrate the fact that virtually any quantifiable effect may be used as an end point. The net spinning behavior of the caddis fly Hydropsyche angustipennis has been used to evaluate the aquatic toxicity of 4,5,6-trichloroguaiacol both the increased frequency of different types of net distortions and the time necessary for pupilation were examined (Petersen and Petersen 1984). Since these insects may be common in ecosystems and are themselves an important source of food for fish, the effect of toxicants on them may have widespread repercussions. 

Figure 1.5,1. (a) Caddis fly larval home made by gluing sand grains together with water resistant protein (b) tgyptian lap joints made by binding together papyrus reed sterns. ... 

Dense colonization especially by algae (Ulothrix), mosses, Spermatophyta (Berula, Callitrich), turbellarians, stone-fly, may-fly and caddis-fly larvae, and beetles (Elminthidae, Hydraenidae). 

Dimethylquinazoline is from Triatoma bugs which carry trypanosomiasis parasites, and indole and skatole are evil-smelling compounds found as trail pheromones in ants and defensive secretion of caddis flies (Trichoptera). Methyl anthranilate has been found in the mandibular gland of males of the ant Camponotus nearticus, and is one component of the trail pheromone (with methyl nicotinate) of the ant Aenictus rotundatus. 

Quinones are distributed widely from opilionids and millipedes to grasshoppers, cockroaches and caddis flies, but are most frequently found in beetles (Coleoptera). Phenols have been shown to be oxidized to qui-nones in both millipedes and beetles. It was shown some time ago in the beetle Eloides longicollis, that quinones can arise by two independent pathways. Labelled tyrosine, acetic, propionic and malonic acids were all used. Benzoquinone itself was preferentially made from labelled tyrosine. Simple alkylquinones were produced by the acetate pathway (Meinwald, Happ, Labows and Eisner, Science, 1966, 151, 79). Propionic acid was... 

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