C. arbuscula

As the K efflux from plant tissue demonstrates membrane disintegration in particular, Nifontova et al. (1995) investigated the permeability of lichen membranes as a result of gamma radiation. Thalli of different lichen species were irradiated for this purpose. The membrane permeability in irradiated thalli of Cladonia arbuscula, Cetraria islandica and Hypogymnia physodes increased considerably in comparison with untreated control thalli. The K efflux from H. physodes thalli intensified with an increase of the radiation dose whereas no correlation was obtained for the K efflux and the radiation dose in C. arbuscula and C. islandica. The N content in Peltigera aphtosa appeared, however, to remain stable under acute gamma radiation. 

There was significant localized higher Zn concentrations in the apices of C. arbuscula in the vicinity of Vorkuta P < 0.001). For example, the highest concentration of apieal Zn in C. arbuscula was found at the two sites closest to the town (see Fig. 8). Variation in Zn concentration in the apices of C. arbuscula around Vorkuta correlates well with other pollution signals from earlier work relating to concentrations of SO4, Ca, K, pH in snow metal contamination in soil and N concentration in the apices of lichens (r = 0.90, P < 0.01, n = 6) (Walker et al. 2003a, b). 

C. arbuscula. Eastern Australia Victoria, Tasmania. New Zealand North Island, South Island, Stewart Island, Chatham Island, Snares Island, Auckland Island, Campbell Island. 

Usnic acid (C. arbuscula) (-) Usnic acid (Alectoria ochroleuca) Breast cancer cell line T-47D Pancreatic cancer cell line Capan-2 Einarsddttir et al. (2010)... 

The plant growth hormone ethylene was detected in the lichen Ramalina duriaei by Epstein 281, 282). Ott and Zwoch 569) analyzed Cetraria islandica, Cladonia rangiferina, C. arbuscula, C. sulfurina, C. cornuta, C. pyxidata, Peltigera lactucifolia and Usnea aurantiaco-ater for ethylene and found it in amounts of 0.8-5.5 pl/g dry weight/ hour. The presence of hydrocarbons with 17-33 carbon atoms has been reported 317) in Cetraria nivalis, C. crispa and Siphula ceratites in other lichens C-27, C-29 and C-31 were the main hydrocarbons 765). The hydrocarbons of the odoriferous fraction of Evernia prunastri have been examined 357). 

Comparatively few simple isoquinoline alkaloids have been found to occur naturally. Until now such compounds have been encountered in three or four species of the Cactaceae, in a Chenopodiaceae [Salsola arbuscula Pall. (S. richteri Karel)], in three species belonging to the family of the Fumari-aceae [Corydalis pallida (Thunb.) Pers.,C. awrea Willd., C. tvherosa DC.] and in one Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L.). While no doubt exists as to the native occurrence of the anhalonium and salsola isoquinolines, hy-drohydrastinine and hydrocotarnine may have been artifacts from the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids of Corydalis tuberosa and Papaver somniferum. 

At each sub-site along the Vorkuta transect, six replicate samples of the terricolous mat-forming lichen Cladonia arbuscula were collected at distances 10-20 m apart in open tundra to provide biomarkers for atmospheric deposition. Lichen samples were arr-dried in the field, sealed in LDPE containers and stored at 4 °C until analysis. Lichens were rehydrated overnight by exposure to water-saturated air... 

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