Butyl perchlorate

Ito [85] investigated the sonoelectropolymerisation of thiophene (0.3 mol dm ) in nitrobenzene using tertiary butyl perchlorate as the electrolyte, platinum electrodes... 

Easily dissociable, highly polar organic compounds were used occasionally as cationic initiators. Thus, triphenyl methyl chloride (77), triphenyl methyl chloromercurate (72), alkyl, acyl, and nitronium tetra-fluoro borates (13), silver perchlorate (77, 14), lithium perchlorate (75), acetyl, benzoyl, and tert.-butyl perchlorate (16) and acetyl fluoroborate (16) were mentioned at various times as catalysts for cationically initiable monomers. 

The use of anhydrous perchloric acid as a catalyst for caticniic pdiymerisation dates from 1960, when Tauber and Eastham publidied a study of the interaction of this catalyst with 2-butene in 1,2-dichloroethane. The ccanplex behaviour of this stem did not permit any definite conclusion about the reactions invdved, but the possibility of initial formation of /so-butyl perchlorate was seriouriy considered. Today the formatiem of alkyl perchlorates is well documented as discussed in Sect. II-I, except for tertiary ones. Plesch and Westermann noticed that isotxitene did not pdymerise in CH2O2 when perchloric acid was mixed with it, but only gave r-hutyl perchlorate. 

For electrochemical applications, the available window of voltages that can be applied without oxidation and reduction of the solvent itself depends on the working electrode (often the dropping mercury electrode or else a platinum electrode), reference electrode (often the saturated calomel electrode, SCE), and the background electrolyte used to make the solution conductive (often tetraethyl- or -butyl perchlorate), so that a table of values for the various variants used (apart from those often employed) cannot be shown. Water has a rather limited electrochanical window, spanning only -3.5V, compared with -4.5V available for nitromethane and dimethylsulfoxide, -5V available for acetonitrile, and as much as -6V available for propylene carbonate. Some information concerning such electrochemical windows is given in [3]. 

Catalysts. Silver and silver compounds are widely used in research and industry as catalysts for oxidation, reduction, and polymerization reactions. Silver nitrate has been reported as a catalyst for the preparation of propylene oxide (qv) from propylene (qv) (58), and silver acetate has been reported as being a suitable catalyst for the production of ethylene oxide (qv) from ethylene (qv) (59). The solubiUty of silver perchlorate in organic solvents makes it a possible catalyst for polymerization reactions, such as the production of butyl acrylate polymers in dimethylformamide (60) or the polymerization of methacrylamide (61). Similarly, the solubiUty of silver tetrafiuoroborate in organic solvents has enhanced its use in the synthesis of 3-pyrrolines by the cyclization of aHenic amines (62). 

Use of the /3-thiodithiocarbonates (25) and acid results in ring closure to the 1,3-dithiol-2-one (26). Methyl, ethyl and isopropyl groups have been utilized in (25) (76S489), and when R = f-butyl, ring closure occurred in the presence of perchloric acid with extreme ease (74JOC95). Other variations of this synthetic route to 1,3-dithiole derivatives are described in Chapter 4.32. 

Whilst some organic compounds can be investigated in aqueous solution, it is frequently necessary to add an organic solvent to improve the solubility suitable water-miscible solvents include ethanol, methanol, ethane-1,2-diol, dioxan, acetonitrile and acetic (ethanoic) acid. In some cases a purely organic solvent must be used and anhydrous materials such as acetic acid, formamide and diethylamine have been employed suitable supporting electrolytes in these solvents include lithium perchlorate and tetra-alkylammonium salts R4NX (R = ethyl or butyl X = iodide or perchlorate). 

H- and 3//-Azepines are generally unstable in aqueous acid solution and the few examples of simple azepinium salts, namely perchlorates,77 bromides,105 picrates35201 and a solitary iodide,105 have been prepared under nonaqueous conditions. The fractional crystallization of oxalate salts has been used for the separation of mixtures of 4- and 6-substituted 3f/-azepines,66 and 3,6-di-tm-butyl- and 2,5-di-tert-butyl-3//-azepine, on treatment with tetrafluoroboric acid in acetonitrile, are converted quantitatively into their crystalline tetrafluoroboratc salts.70... 

Paraplex Propallants. A series of JATO proplnts (the PF-series) developed by the Aerojet Engrg Corp, Azusa, Calif using Paraplex P-10 resin-styrene mixt as a fuel ingredient in the amt of approx 26.5%. Other ingredients are AN or K perchlorate, 73.0%, and small amts of t-butyl-hydroperoxide or benzoylperoxide, 0.1 to 0.5% (as a polymerization catalyst) (Ref 2)... 

Fig. 7. Effect of pH on the half-wave potential of methyl butyl phonacyl sulphonium perchlorate [2 x m] in water-H 0-2% ethanol. Britton-Robinsonbuffers, ) sulphuric acid, 3 sodium hydroxide. (Taken from Zuman and Tang, 1963.)...

Using a separation method based on the extraction of Ce(IV) by butyl phosphate Parchen and Duke S have made a further study of this exchange reaction. In perchlorate media ( 6M), atO °C, with Ce(IV) and Ce(III) in the ranges 8 x 10 to 10 M and 8 x 10 to 8 x 10 M, respectively, the exchange data indicated a rate law... 

C2 pair (2-retinylidene)-rhodopsin N-ferf-butyl-retinylideniminium perchlorate... 

Trimethylpyrylium perchlorate has been prepared from 2,6-dimethylpyrone and methylmagnesium halides 6 from mesityl oxide and sulfoacetic acid 6 from mesityl oxide (or less satisfactorily from acetone) and a mixture of acetic anhydride and perchloric acid 7 from mesityl oxide, acetyl chloride, and aluminum chloride 8 and from <-butyl chloride, acetyl chloride,... 

In-line extrusion, 19 543 In-line filtration, 15 827 Inline motionless mixers, 16 711-716 In-motion checkweighers, 26 245 Inner-Helmholtz plane (IHP), 3 419 Inner transition-metal perchlorates, 18 278 Inner tubes, butyl rubber for, 4 434, 453 Innohep, 4 95t 5 175... 

Paulsen and associates (58) synthesized mono- and di-D-galactopyranosyl derivatives of L-serine/L-threonine. Condensation of the 2-azido-2-deoxy-glycosyl halides 61 and 62 with the benzyl or tert-butyl esters of iV-benzyl-oxycarbonyl (Z)-protected L-serine, L-threonine, and L-leucyl-L-serine (63 -65) in the presence of silver carbonate, silver perchlorate, Drierite, and molecular sieves gave (59) the corresponding O-glycopeptides 67-69. The free glycopeptides were obtained after total deprotection. 

Similarly, benzene and hydrazoic acid in the presence of a mixture of fluorosulphonic and trifluoromethanesulphonic acid give aniline quantitatively. From toluene 100% of a mixture of o-, m- and p-toluidines is obtained and bromobenzene yields 42% o-bromoaniline and 47% p-bromoaniline, Butyl azide gives iV-butylarylamines under these conditions89. Photolysis of 1-aminoquinolinium perchlorate (76) in aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene or mesitylene) in the presence of 18-crown-6 affords arylamines, e.g. aniline and p-toluidine, by way of the nitrenium ion90 cf Reference 91. 

Chromyl perchlorate, 4055 Cobalt(II) nitrate, 4215 Di-/er/-butyl chromate, 3066 Dichlorine oxide, 4095... 

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