Butorphanol side effects

Side-effects Butorphanol (Rosow, 1988) has a side-effect Tradename stadol (USA)... 

Butorphanol is a morphinan congener with a profile of actions similar to that of pentazocine. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS... 

The major side effects of butorphanol are drowsiness, weakness, sweating, feelings of floating, and nausea. While the incidence of psychotomimetic side effects is lower than that with equianalgesic doses of pentazocine, they are qualitatively similar. Physical dependence on butorphanol can occur. 

Butorphanol tartrate (stadol) is better suited for the relief of acute than chronic pain. Because of its side effects on the heart, it is less useful than morphine or meperidine in patients with congestive heart failure or myocardial infarction. The usual dose is 1-4 mg of the tartrate given intramuscularly or 0.5-2 mg given intravenously every 3-4 hours. A nasal formulation (STADOLNS) is available and has proven to be effective. 

Side effects of nalbuphine are like those of other k. Dysphoria is not as common as with pentazocine. Sedation is the most common side effect. Nalbuphine does not have the adverse cardiovascular properties found with pentazocine and butorphanol. Nalbuphine has low abuse potential and is not listed under the Controlled Substances Act. 

The side effects of pentazocine are like other k agonists. It has a greater tendency to produce dysphoric episodes, and it causes an increase in blood pressure and heart rate similar to butorphanol. Pentazocine is a Schedule IV drug. The major abuse of pentazocine has been its injection along with the antihistaminic drug tripelennamine (the T s and blues ). Inclusion of the antihistaminic drug reportedly causes an increase in the euphoric, while decreasing the dysphoric, effects of the pentazocine. The manufacturers of pentazocine have attempted to thwart this use by... 

Du BX, Song ZM, Wang K, Zhang H, Xu FY, Zou Z, et al. Butorphanol prevents morphine-induced pruritus without increasing pain and other side effects a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Can J Anaesth September 2013 60(9) 907-17. 

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