Butanol data

Figure 3 Subpicosecond time-resolved absorption spectra for the ring opening of NOSH in 1-butanol. (Data courtesy of N. Tamai [26].)...

For all compounds except isobutanol (5), the data compilation of Yaws and co-workers (44,45) was selected for enthalpy of formation of ideal gas. For isobutanol, the variation of values with temperature was estimated from the temperature behavior of values for t-butanol and s-butanol. Data for enthalpy of formation of the ideal gas is a series expansion in temperature, Equation (1-11). Results from the correlation are in favorable agreement with data. 

Ethyl Butanol Data not available Data not available 0.5-5 Data not available... 

The adaptive wavelet algorithm is applied to three spectral data sets. The dimensionality of each data set is p = 512 variables. The data sets will be referred to as the seagrass, paraxylene and butanol data. The number of training and testing spectra in the group categories is listed in Table 1 for each set of data. 

Fig. 3 Five sample spectra from the butanol data.

The (m, q, jg) settings which produced the highest test CCR are displayed in Table 2 for each of the data sets. Also shown are the number of filter coefficients (Nf), used in computing the DWT and the number of coefficients (Ncoef) in each of the bands for the respective (m, q, jg) settings. Perfect classification results are obtained for the seagrass data. The next best performance was with the butanol data followed by the paraxylene data. 

Discriminant plots were obtained for the adaptive wavelet coefficients which produced the results in Table 2. Although the classifier used in the AWA was BLDA, it was decided to supply the coefficients available upon termination of the AWA to Fisher s linear discriminant analysis, so we could visualize the spatial separation between the classes. The discriminant plots are produced using the testing data only. There is a good deal of separation for the seagrass data (Fig. 5), while for the paraxylene data (Fig. 6) there is some overlap between the objects of class I and 3. Quite clearly, the butanol data (Fig. 7) post a challenge in discriminating between the two classes. 

One might be interested in how the adaptive wavelet performs against predefined filter coefficients. In this section, we perform the 2-band DWT on each data set using filter coefficients from the Daubechies family with Nf = 16. The coefficients from some band (j, x) are supplied to BLDA. We consider four bands - band(3,0), band(3,l), band(4,0) and band(4,l). The results for the training and testing data are displayed in Table 3. The test CCR rates are the same for the seagrass and butanol data, but the AWA clearly produces superior results for the paraxylene data. 

Fig. 7 Discriminant plots for the butanol data produced by. supplying the coefficients resulting from the AWA to Fisher s linear discriminant analysis.

W/O microemulsions made with water, toluene, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and two different alcohols—butanol and pentanol. Data for pentanol microemulsions are represented with crosses. Although the compositions are similar, the interactions between droplets are very different hard-sphere-like with pentanol and attractive with butanol. (Data from Ref 16.)... 

Enthalpy of dilution of poly(ethylene glycol) in 1-butanol Data extract from Landolt-Bornstein VIII/6D2 Polymers, Polymer Solutions, Physical Properties and their Relations I (Thermodynamic Properties PVT-data and miscellaneous properties of polymer solutions) ... 

Acute oral LD q data for nitro alcohols in mice are given in Table 1. Because of their low volatiHty, the nitro alcohols present no vapor inhalation ha2ard. They are nonirritating to the skin and, except for 2-nitro-1-butanol, are nonirritating when introduced as a 1 wt % aqueous solution in the eye of a rabbit. When 0.1 mL of 1 wt % commercial-grade 2-nitro-1-butanol in water is introduced into the eyes of rabbits, severe and permanent corneal scarring results. This anomalous behavior may be caused by the presence of a nitro-olefin impurity in the unpurifted commercial product. 

Odor data for the various amyl alcohols is limited. The lowest perceptible limit for 1-pentanol and / fZ-amyl alcohol are 10 and 0.04 ppm, respectively (135). tert-Axa[. alcohol has a threshold value of 2.3 ppm (and a 100% recognition level of 0.23 ppm) 3-methyl-1-butanol has an odor threshold of 7.0 ppm. The odor of 1-pentanol has been described as sweet and pleasant whereas that of 3-methyl-2-butanol is sour (135). 

Propylene oxide is a colorless, low hoiling (34.2°C) liquid. Table 1 lists general physical properties Table 2 provides equations for temperature variation on some thermodynamic functions. Vapor—liquid equilibrium data for binary mixtures of propylene oxide and other chemicals of commercial importance ate available. References for binary mixtures include 1,2-propanediol (14), water (7,8,15), 1,2-dichloropropane [78-87-5] (16), 2-propanol [67-63-0] (17), 2-methyl-2-pentene [625-27-4] (18), methyl formate [107-31-3] (19), acetaldehyde [75-07-0] (17), methanol [67-56-1] (20), ptopanal [123-38-6] (16), 1-phenylethanol [60-12-8] (21), and / /f-butanol [75-65-0] (22,23). 

AH four butanols are thought to have a generaHy low order of human toxicity (32). However, large dosages of the butanols generaHy serve as central nervous system depressants and mucous membrane irritants. Animal toxicity and irritancy data (32) are given in Table 4. 

Table 4.. Animal Toxicity and Irritancy Data for Butanols...

Methyl-l-butanol [137-32-6 RS 34713-94-5 S(-)- 1565-80-6] M 88.2, b 130°(/ S), 128.6°(S), [a]p -5.8° (neat), d 0.809, n 1.4082. Refluxed with CaO, distd, refluxed with magnesium and again fractionally distd. A small sample of highly purified material was obtained by fractional crystn after conversion into a suitable ester such as the trinitrophthalate or the 3-nitrophthalate. The latter was converted to the cinchonine salt in acetone and recrystd from CHCI3 by adding pentane. The salt was saponified, extracted with ether, and fractionally distd. [Terry et al. J Chem Eng Data 5 403 7960.]... 

The adsorption isotherms calculated from their data are shown in Figure 3. It is seen that the propanol and butanol rapidly cover the surface at low moderator... 

The XRD and TEM showed that the bimetallic nanoparticles with Ag-core/Rh-shell structure spontaneously form by the physical mixture of Ag and Rh nanoparticles. Luo et al. [168] carried out structure characterization of carbon-supported Au/Pt catalysts with different bimetallic compositions by XRD and direct current plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy. The bimetallic nanoparticles were alloy. Au-core/Pd-shell structure of bimetallic nanoparticles, prepared by co-reduction of Au(III) and Pd(II) precursors in toluene, were well supported by XRD data [119]. Pt/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles can be prepared by the co-reduction of H2PtClg and CuCl2 with hydrazine in w/o microemulsions of water/CTAB/ isooctane/n-butanol [112]. XRD results showed that there is only one peak in the pattern of bimetallic nanoparticles, corresponding to the (111) plane of the PtCu3 bulk alloy. 

FIGURE 10.5 Elution profile on OH-B12 treated by microwave heating for 6 min during silica gel 60 column chromatography. Fifty milliliters of the treated OH-B12 solution (5 mmol/1) was evaporated to dryness and dissolved in a small amount of w-butanol/2-pro-panol/water (10 7 10, v/v) as a solvent. The concentrated solution was put on a column (1.4 X 15.0 cm) of silica gel 60 equilibrated with the same solvent and eluted with the same solvent in the dark. The eluate was collected at 4.0 ml with a fraction collector. Fractions I to V were pooled, evaporated to dryness, dissolved with a small amount of distilled water, and analyzed with silica gel TLC. Inset represents the mobile pattern of the OH-B12 degradation products of fractions I to V on the TLC plate. Data are typical, taken from one of five experiments. (Reprinted with permission from Watanabe, F. et al., J. Agric. Food Chem., 46, 5177-5180, 1998. Copyright (1998) American Chemical Society.)... 

Fig. 4 Generalized permeation profile. From left to right the data are for n-butanol permeating hairless mouse skin at 20°, 25°, and 30° C respectively. Increasing temperature raises the flux (slope) and shortens the lag time. 

Example 4.6 Mixtures of water and 1-butanol (n-butanol) form two-liquid phases. Vapor-liquid equilibrium and liquid-liquid equilibrium for the water-1-butanol system can be predicted by the NRTL equation. Vapor pressure coefficients in bar with temperature in Kelvin for the Antoine equation are given in Table 4.136. Data for the NRTL equation are given in Table 4.14, for a pressure of 1 atm6. Assume the gas constant R = 8.3145 kJ-kmoL -K-1. 

Table 4.14 Data for water (1) and 1-butanol (2) for the NRTL equation at 1 atm6.

Table 15.16 Physical property data for n-butanol and water.

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