Butane generation

The heats of combustion of methane and butane are 890 kj/mol (212 8 kcal/mol) and 2876 kJ/mol (687 4 kcal/mol) respectively When used as a fuel would methane or butane generate more heat for the same mass of gas" Which would generate more heat for the same volume of gas" ... 

Hydroformylation refers to the addition of hydrogen and carbon monoxide to unsaturated systems. The hydroformylation of olefins is also known as the oxo synthesis or the Roelen reaction in honor of its inventor. It is one of the major industrial processes. Technical plants use cobalt- or rhodium-based catalysts the active species are supposed to be mononuclear complexes (194). The most desired oxo product is butanal, generated by the hydroformylation of propylene (195). 

Figure 14. Calculated carbon kinetic isotope effect during methane, ethane, propane, and butane generation from a octane as a function of temperatnre (°C). Calculations are based on a) homolytic C-C scission b) li-scission.

Replacement of the latter by -butane considerably reduces the number of byproducts, particularly in comparison to the heavy by-products obtained (i.e. phthahc anhydride and benzoquinone) from the benzene process. Moreover, the -butane process avoids the toxicity associated with the employment of benzene as the raw material (carcinogen) and becomes important in saving raw material costs (around 64%). It is also important to emphasize that the -butane process drastically decreases the formation of carbon oxides (atomic economy). Thus, whereas benzene has six carbon atoms, MA has four, and as a result, two CO2 molecules for each MA molecule are obtained. Accordingly, under optimal conditions, 100 kg of benzene generate 129 kg of maleic anhydride and 113 kg of CO2, whereas 100 kg of -butane generate 170 kg of maleic anhydride. 

Currently, almost all acetic acid produced commercially comes from acetaldehyde oxidation, methanol or methyl acetate carbonylation, or light hydrocarbon Hquid-phase oxidation. Comparatively small amounts are generated by butane Hquid-phase oxidation, direct ethanol oxidation, and synthesis gas. Large amounts of acetic acid are recycled industrially in the production of cellulose acetate, poly(vinyl alcohol), and aspirin and in a broad array of other... 

Regardless of the techniques used to purify the KA oil, several waste streams are generated during the overall oxidation—separation processes and must be disposed of. The spent oxidation gas stream must be scmbbed to remove residual cyclohexane, but afterwards will stiU contain CO, CO2, and volatile hydrocarbons (especially propane, butane, and pentane). This gas stream is either burned and the energy recovered, or it is catalyticaHy abated. 

Butane. The VPO of butane (148—152) is, in most respects, quite similar to the VPO of propane. However, at this carbon chain length an important reaction known as back-biting first becomes significant. There is evidence that a P-dicarbonyl intermediate is generated, probably by intramolecular hydrogen abstraction (eq. 32). A postulated subsequent difunctional peroxide may very well be the precursor of the acetone formed. 

The hydrocarbon cracking operations that generate feed olefins generally do not produce sufficient isobutane to satisfy the reaction requirements. Additional isobutane must be recovered from cmde oil or natural gas Hquids or generated by other refinery operations. A growing quantity of isobutane is produced by the isomerization of / -butane [106-97-8]. 

Reactions of carbon nucleophiles with organohalogen compounds have great diversity for the construction of now carbon-carbon bonds. The intriguing synthon, ethoxyethynylsodium, is generated and alkylated in 1-ETHOXY-1-BUTANE. Following an alkylation of propynylsodium, a vinyl halide is generated in a stereoselective manner... 

Flammability limits for pure components and selected mixtures have been used to generate mixing rules. These apply to mixtures of methane, ethane, propane, butane. 

Broschka et al. (1983) report results of experimental tests on parallel plate flame arresters in piping systems. Tests were conducted on 3-inch and 6-inch diameter parallel plate flame arresters installed in 3-inch and 6-inch diameter piping sections using butane-air mixtures to generate a flame. The ignition source was varied from 3 to 43 feet from the flame arrester. The flame speed varied between 0 to 20 ft/s, and when the flame speed was 20 ft/s, the flame passed through the arrester (flame arrester failure). 

There is clear evidence that the addition of a sulfonyl radical to an olefin is a reversible reaction. This has been demonstrated for the case of but-2-ene, where cis-trans isomerization of the olefin accompanies addition63,64. Furthermore, 18a and 18b radicals generated by the reaction of Bu3Sn with erythro- and tfireo-2-bromo-3-(phenylsulfonyl)butane, respectively, eliminate benzenesulfonyl radicals to some extent, even at — 67 °C, to form 2-butenes in a non-stereospecific manner, providing also indication that the rotation about the central C—C bond is faster than the /1-cleavage process65. 

One fact supporting this mechanism is that among the products obtained (beside butane and isobutane) on treatment of propane with CH2 (generated by... 

The formation of a stable monobutyl species obtained at 50 °C is also further demonstrated by its hydrogenolysis at higher temperatures. Indeed, treatment under H2 of the grafted surface organometallic complex, Pts[SnBu]jy, at 300 °C for 4 h generates about one butane per Sn along with traces amounts of propane, ethane, and methane. 

The first attempted asymmetric intermolecular Stetter reaction was reported by Enders and co-workers who showed in 1989 that reaction of n-butanal 142 with chalcone 143 in the presence of the NHC derived from thiazolium salt 144 generated Stetter product 145 in 39% ee but only 4% yield (Scheme 12.30) [66],... 

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