Bulk characterization, nanostructured material surface

However, a better structure designing requests a finer characterization of nanopores. We need to know structural features of nanopores as accurate as possible in order to develop the best nanostructured materials for the specific function. Nevertheless, nanopores are hidden in the bulk of solids. Consequently, established surface science tools cannot be directly applied to the nanopore characterization, leading to necessity of an inherent characterization method for nanopores on the basis of gas adsorption. This paper summarizes main characterization methods, which can be applied to nanopore systems, and essential roles of gas adsorption will be described. 

The most common appUcation of 1-D silica nanostructures to date has been in electrical sensors to detect small quantities of biomolecules in solution (71-78). The 1-D nature of these materials provides an enhanced sensitivity to surface charge variations in comparison with bulk 2-D surfaces. The first reported biodetection utilized the weU-characterized interaction between biotin and streptavidin [79]. Here, the streptavidin target was detected in solution by covalently immobilizing biotin on the surface of the silicon nanostructure. A single nanowire was then... 

The first form of the emeraldine base polyaniline (PANI) to be investigated was bulk polyaniline. Bulk simply refers to the nanostructure of PANI, indicating that the PANI is used as-synthesized in its non-nanostructured form. This means that the surface morphology was not adjusted into nanofibrous form. After some baseline characterization and hydrogen sorption experiments, filler materials could be added to the PANI. The addition of filler materials to the matrix material could be used to... 

---