Bulge propagation

The major alternative mechanism for nucleosome redistribution to the bulge propagation mechanism is twist diffusion. Supporting this, it is clear that the nucleosome core particle is capable of accommodating alterations to DNA twist of 1-2 bp per double helical turn without significant changes to the... 

Fig. 4. Proposed mechanisms of nucleosome mobility. From top to bottom the figure show octamer rotation, twist diffusion and bulge propagation.

The numerical models can give accurate representations of the response scenario, that is, the formation of the bulge off the river mouth, alongshore propagating Kelvin waves, the... 

Figure 13-14. Generation of a primary wear particle by plastic shear, (a) A bulge forms ahead of the slider. (b) A crack propagates from the surface into the plastically deformed material. (c) The "chip" is ejected ahead of the slider. After Bates, Ludema and Brainard [51].

As an example we show the results obtained by Remhof et al. for a circular diffusion front generated in a slow medium (see Fig. 7.36). When it hits the boundary with a fast medium the front bulges out and a mushroom-shaped pattern is formed. The deformation of the diffusion front can be investigated in great detail and compared to theoretical calculations [211]. The results of this type of experiment are also relevant for the propagation of so-called diffusion waves (see, e.g. Refs. [212, 213]). 

Blisters are a form of HIC in which the buildup of hydrogen gas pressure at the initiated cracks or preexisting laminations results in localized deformation and bulging of the steel to the closest surface. High hydrogen pressures occur in blisters. Blisters occur when the hydrogen-induced crack is unable to propagate and is unable to link up with HIC on adjacent planes in the steel. 

Toward the end of this section I shall show that periodic traveling waves and such solitary waves as steadily propagating necjts and bulges are possible in fibers that are elastic and free from dissipative effects because they have ri identically zero, before turning to the limiting inviscid case, I should like to discuss an important class of traveling waves that can occur under the present assumption that ti is (strictly) positive. 

Figure 12.7 Failure modes for clamp with a harder seal (a) shear fracture in flange from outside (b) shear fracture in flange from inside (c) fracture propagation and crushing around bolt rebates (d) bulging in flanges.

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