Building materials temple

The idea of reusing materials is hardly a new one. Archaeologists know that most civilizations have reused building materials over and over again. The bricks and stones used to build a temple, a... 

There ate proofs that already in buildings in Create the cmshed ceramic potsherds (minoyen culture) were added to lime to give it the hydrauhc properties [1]. On this basis the assumption was developed that Romans used firstiy artificial pozzolanic materials, before they check the natural pozzolanas. Jaworski stats that in twelveth century before Christ Phoenician used hydraulic lime to mortar building the temple in Cypms [2]. Already about tenth century before Christ they used the bricks flour as the admixture giving to hme mortar hydraulic properties [2]. 

The history of the chemical processing industry (CPI) can be traced back thousands of years. The Bible reports that Noah used pitch as a building material for the Ark. In 374 CE, the ancient Chinese connected more than 800 feet of bamboo poles to pipe oil into containers where it was burned to produce salt. Ancient Chinese and Japanese illustrations and records indicate the application and use of natural gas for heating and lighting. Pitch was also used to build the streets and walls of ancient Babylon. Before the first European set foot on the North or South American continents, aboriginal Indians used crude oil for medicine and fuel. Around 600 CE, temples built near Baku, Azerbaijan, had eternal flames that burned continuously and were a source of awe for worshippers. 

Sanjurjo-Sanchez J, Alves C (2011) Decay effects of pollutants on stony materials in the built environment. Environ Chem Lett 10(2) 131-143. doi 10.1007/sl0311-011-0346-y Sanjurjo-Sanchez J, Alves C (2012) PoUutant-induced decay of building materials. In Lichtfouse E, Schwarzbauer J, Robert D (eds) Environmental chemistry for a sustainable world. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 47-120. doi 10.1007/978-94-007-2439-6 2 Sanjurjo-Sanchez J, Trindade MJ, Blanco-Rotea R, Benavides R, Fernandez Mosquera D, Burbridge Cl, Prudencio Ml, Dias Ml (2010) Chemical and mineralogical characterization of historic mortars from the Santa Eulalia de Boveda temple, NW Spain. J Archaeol Sci 37 2346-2351. doi 10.1016/j.jas.2010.04.008... 

The persistence through many centuries of the temples at Angkor Wat in Southeast Asia depends on the high concentrations of iron and aluminium oxides in the soils used to form the building blocks. Such laterite (now more properly called plinthite) materials from soil can dry irreversibly and thus resist slaking and weathering even in a humid tropical climate. 

The Romans made excellent use of this material. Perhaps their most famous building in which it was employed on a large scale is the Pantheon, a circular temple built in Rome in the reign of the Emperor Hadrian (about 120 A.D.). It is 43 m in diameter and has a domed roof with a circular aperture at the centre. This dome, as well as the walls several metres in thickness, are constructed of "concrete" (the walls are faced with brick). For achieving the hydraulic properties of this concrete the builders used pozzolana, a volcanic tuff from the region of what is now known as Pozzuoli near mount Vesuvius. 

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